Development and Analytical Validation of a Reliable Modified Screen-Printed Sensor for the Voltammetric Determination of Darunavir in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices

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Abstract
This work describes the fabrication of a reduced graphene oxide-modified screen-printed electrode (rGO-SPE) and its application as a low-cost electrochemical sensor for the determination of Darunavir concentration. This sensor can be fabricated using a screen-printing method and optimized droplet casting, and its modified surface can be characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, FTIR, Raman, and EIS techniques. Electrochemical analysis showed that DRV undergoes a two-electron irreversible oxidation under diffusion-controlled conditions, with a peak at pH 8.0. Under optimal conditions for differential pulls, a rGO-SPE with a broad linear dynamic range (41–1351 ng ml −1 ) and a very low limit of detection (12 ng ml −1 ) was developed. Additionally, rGO-SPE has demonstrated high precision (RSD ≤ 1.55%) and strong selectivity towards commonly encountered biological and pharmaceutical interferents. Efficiently used with pharmaceuticals and biological fluids, this rGO-SPE has emerged as a highly competent, portable alternative to traditional chromatography-based systems for clinical and pharmaceutical applications and analysis.

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