New Techniques in Musculoskeletal MRI: State of the Art

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Abstract
Musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging has evolved substantially, driven by advances in hardware, image acquisition, and reconstruction techniques. Improvements in gradient performance and dedicated radiofrequency coils have enhanced spatial resolution and scan efficiency across field strengths. Image acceleration strategies, including parallel imaging, simultaneous multislice acquisition, and compressed sensing, now enable high-quality two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging with markedly reduced examination times and facilitate the time-neutral incorporation of advanced metal artifact reduction techniques into clinical magnetic resonance imaging protocols. Deep learning–based reconstruction and super-resolution augmentation methods have further expanded achievable acceleration and image quality. Emerging techniques such as synthetic magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance neurography, kinematic magnetic resonance imaging, and zero echo time magnetic resonance imaging expand the capabilities of musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging. At the same time, renewed interest in low-field magnetic resonance imaging provides intriguing opportunities to improve accessibility and sustainability. Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging provides unprecedented spatial resolution and quantitative insights in selected applications. These developments are redefining musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging practice and broadening its clinical value.

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