Epidemiological characteristics and survival outcomes of children with medulloblastoma treated at the National Cancer Institute (INCA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Abstract
Background: Medulloblastoma (MB),the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood has survival outcomes exceeding 80% for standard‐risk and 60% for high‐risk patients in high‐income countries (HICs). These results have not been replicated in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where 80% of children with cancer live.Methods: This is a retrospective review of 114 children aged 3–18 years diagnosed with MB from 1997 to 2016 at National Cancer Institute (INCA). Sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment data were extracted from the medical records and summarized descriptively. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results: The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.32 and the median age at diagnosis was 8.2 years. Headache (83%) and nausea/vomiting (78%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Five‐year OS was 59.1% and PFS was 58.4%. The OS for standard‐risk and high‐risk patients was 69% and 53%, respectively. The median time to diagnosis interval was 50.5 days and the median time from surgery to radiation therapy initiation was 50.4 days. Patients who lived >40 km from INCA fared better (OS = 68.2% vs. 51.1%, p = .032). Almost 20% of families lived below the Brazilian minimum wage. Forty‐five patients (35%) had metastatic disease at admission. Gross total resection was achieved in 57% of the patitents.Conclusions: Although there are considerable barriers to deliver effective MB treatment in countries like Brazil, the OS seen in the present study demonstrates that good outcomes are not only feasible but can and should be increased with appropriate interventions.

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