Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a Miocene retrogradational, tide-dominated delta system: Balingian Province, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia

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Abstract
The Balingian Province of NW Borneo is a major hydrocarbon-bearing region with production dominantly from Early Miocene (cycle II) coastal to lower coastal plain deposits. A regional sedimentological synthesis is outlined from the main productive interval of three offshore oilfields, which are representative of the depositional environments and stratigraphic architecture in cycle II. Four types of vertical facies successions are recognized: (1) fluvio-tidal channel; (2) tide-dominated delta front; (3) wave-dominated shoreface; and (4) barrier lagoon. The facies successions demonstrate that cycle II consists of a tide-dominated delta system that is partly analogous to the modern Rajang Delta and Lupar Embayment of southern Sarawak. Fluvio-tidal channel and tide-dominated delta successions represent periods of river-fed progradation. Wave-dominated shoreface and barrier lagoon facies successions represent depositional systems that developed during periods of transgression and/or delta lobe abandonment. Cycle II consists of several high-order sequences stacked together into two lower-order, c. 100–300 m thick fining-upwards, unconformity-bounded megasequences. This stratigraphic architecture reflects a combination of hinterland denudation and long-term eustatic sea-level rise. These trends were interrupted by frequent, higher-order relative sea-level falls, which were a result of movement along the West Balingian Line fault zone. Variations in the thickness of megasequences between the three oilfields reflect fluctuations in tectonically driven subsidence rates. This exerted a fundamental control on the reservoir architecture, zonation and correlation and provides a basis for comparing field behaviour.

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