Bioactive Compounds of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Antimicrobial Potential and Microalgae-Based Encapsulation Strategies for Combating Biofilms

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Abstract
This review examines the bioactive compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), with a particular focus on metabolites and antimicrobial peptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity. The chemical composition, biological properties, and mechanisms of action of the major ginger-derived compounds are discussed, with emphasis on their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antibiofilm potential. Particular attention is given to their antimicrobial spectrum and to potential synergistic interactions with other natural bioactive compounds that may enhance their efficacy against pathogenic microorganisms. Despite their promising therapeutic properties, the application of ginger-derived molecules against skin-associated pathogens remains challenging due to their limited stability, poor bioavailability, and the protective effects of microbial biofilms, which reduce treatment effectiveness and contribute to persistent infections. Current strategies designed to overcome these limitations, including chemical modification, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and hydrogel-based delivery systems, are reviewed. In addition, this review highlights the potential of microalgae-based encapsulation systems as innovative and sustainable platforms for the delivery of ginger bioactives. Owing to their diverse biochemical composition and structural characteristics, microalgae represent a promising source of natural biomaterials for the development of diverse encapsulation strategies. These emerging systems may potentially improve the stability, controlled release, bioavailability, and antibiofilm efficacy of ginger-derived compounds, supporting the development of novel formulations for the management of biofilm-associated skin infections.

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