Attila Meszaros

The separation of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) into short/hard and long/soft subclasses, respectively, is well supported both theoretically and observationally. The long ones are coupled to supernovae type Ib/Ic - the short ones are connected to the merging of two neutron stars, where one or even both neutron stars can be substituted by black holes. These short GRBs - as merging binaries - can also serve as the sources of gravitation waves, and are observable as the recently detected macronovae. Since 1998 there are several statistical studies suggesting the existence of more than two subgroups. There can be a subgroup having an intermediate durations; there can be a subgroup with ultra-long durations; the long/soft subgroup itself can be divided into two subclasses with respect to the luminosity of GRBs. The authors with other collaborators provided several statistical studies in this topic. This field of the GRB-diversity is briefly surveyed in this contribution.

It is well-known that there are two types of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs): short/hard and long/soft ones, respectively. The long GRBs are coupled to supernovae, but the short ones are associated with the so called macronovae (also known as kilonovae), which can serve as the sources of gravitational waves as well. The kilonovae can arise from the merging of two neutron-stars. The neutron stars can be substituded by more massive black holes as well. Hence, the topic of gamma-ray bursts (mainly the topic of short ones) and the topic of massive binaries, are strongly connected. In this contribution, the redshifts of GRBs are studied. The surprising result - namely that the apparently fainter GRBs can be in average at smaller distances - is discussed again. In essence, the results of M\'esz\'aros et al. (2011) are studied again using newer samples of GRBs. The former result is confirmed by the newer data.

The Cosmological Principle is the assumption that the universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic in the large-scale average. In year 1998 the author, together with his two colleagues, has shown that the BATSE's short gamma-ray bursts are not distributed isotropically on the sky. This claim was then followed by other papers confirming both the existence of anisotropies in the angular distribution of bursts and the existence of huge Gpc structures in the spatial distribution. These observational facts are in contradiction with the Cosmological Principle, because the large scale averaging hardly can be provided. The aim of this contribution is to survey these publications.

The Cosmological Principle is the assumption that the universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic on the large‐scale average. In 1998, the author, together with his two colleagues, demonstrated that the BATSE's short gamma ray bursts are not distributed isotropically in the sky. This claim was then followed by other papers confirming both the existence of anisotropies in the angular distribution of bursts and the existence of huge Gpc structures in the spatial distribution. These observational facts are in contradiction with the Cosmological Principle because the large‐scale average can hardly be provided. The aim of this study is to survey these publications.

The separation of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) into short/hard and long/soft subclasses, respectively, is well supported both theoretically and observationally. The long ones are coupled to supernovae type Ib/Ic - the short ones are connected to the merging of two neutron stars, where one or even both neutron stars can be substituted by black holes. These short GRBs - as merging binaries - can also serve as the sources of gravitation waves, and are observable as the recently detected macronovae. Since 1998 there are several statistical studies suggesting the existence of more than two subgroups. There can be a subgroup having an intermediate durations; there can be a subgroup with ultra-long durations; the long/soft subgroup itself can be divided into two subclasses with respect to the luminosity of GRBs. The authors with other collaborators provided several statistical studies in this topic. This field of the GRB-diversity is briefly surveyed in this contribution.

It is well-known that there are two types of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs): short/hard and long/soft ones, respectively. The long GRBs are coupled to supernovae, but the short ones are associated with the so called macronovae (also known as kilonovae), which can serve as the sources of gravitational waves as well. The kilonovae can arise from the merging of two neutron-stars. The neutron stars can be substituded by more massive black holes as well. Hence, the topic of gamma-ray bursts (mainly the topic of short ones) and the topic of massive binaries, are strongly connected.In this contribution, the redshifts of GRBs are studied. The surprising result - namely that the apparently fainter GRBs can be in average at smaller distances - is discussed again. In essence, the results of Mészáros et al. (2011) are studied again using newer samples of GRBs. The former result is confirmed by the newer data.

Classification of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) into groups has been intensively studied by various statistical tests since 1998. It has been suggested that next to the groups of short/hard and long/soft GRBs there could be another class of intermediate durations. For the Swift/BAT database Veres et al. 2010 (ApJ, 725, 1955) it was found that the intermediate-duration bursts might be related to X-ray flashes (XRFs). On the other hand, Ripa and Meszaros 2016 (Ap&SS, 361, 370) and Ripa et al. 2012 (ApJ, 756, 44) found that the intermediate-duration GRBs in the RHESSI database are spectrally too hard to be given by XRFs. Also, in the BATSE database the intermediate-duration GRBs can be only partly populated by XRFs. The key ideas of the Ripa and Meszaros 2016 (Ap&SS, 361, 370) article are summarized in this poster.

The author - with his collaborators - already in years 1995-96 have shown - purely from the analyses of the observations - that the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be till redshift 20. Since that time several other statistical studies of the spatial distribution of GRBs were provided. Remarkable conclusions concerning the star-formation rate and the validity of the cosmological principle were obtained about the regions of the cosmic dawn. In this contribution these efforts are surveyed.

The Cosmological Principle claims that in the large scale average the visible parts of the universe are isotropic and homogeneous. In year 1998 the author, together with his two colleagues, discovered that the BATSE’s short gamma-ray bursts are not distributed isotropically on the sky. This first discovery was followed by other ones confirming both the existence of anisotropies in the angular distribution of bursts and the existence of huge Gpc structures in the spatial distribution. All this means that these anisotropies should reject the Cosmological Principle, because the large scale averaging hardly can be provided. This was claimed in year 2009. The aim of this contribution is to survey these publications since 1998 till today.