Praba Ginandjar

Anticancer Activity of Pasak Bumi Root Extract (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) on Raji Cells

Tuban Regency is a leprosy endemic area. Leprosy prevalence in 2018 was 1.5 per 10,000 population with 177 new cases, about 87% of new leprosy cases are MB type and 11% have grade II disability. The high number of MB type and grade II disability leads to the low awareness of treatment-seeking behavior, as early as immediately after symptoms appear. This study aimed to prove that perceived stigma is a risk factor for delay in seeking treatment for leprosy patients. Cross-sectional study design was used in this study and the subject consisted of 112 leprosy patients, selected by proportional random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. This study showed most of the subjects ranged from 15-60 years, more than half were male, most had low levels of education with low income. Most subjects suffered from the MB type of leprosy. More than half experienced delays in seeking treatment and did not experience disabilities. The variables such as knowledge, attitude, perceived susceptibility and severity of leprosy, and perceived stigma associated with the delay in seeking treatment, and only perceived stigma was proven as a risk factor for delay in seeking treatment of leprosy patients (p = 0.002; OR 4.458 (95% CI; 1,700-11,690)

Latar belakang: Penyakit Filariasis merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh cacing filaria. Kota Pekalonganmerupakan kota dengan endemis filariasis dan telah dilakukan Program Pemberian Obat secara Massal (POPM) sejak tahun 2011 hingga 2015, Namun, hasil Survei Darah Jari (SDJ) menunjukkan nilai Mikrofilaria Rate di Kota Pekalongan masih > 1%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan peran Tenaga Pelaksana Eliminasi (TPE) filariasis dan hambatan yang ditemui pada pelaksanaan POPM di Kota Pekalongan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectiona. Jumlah sampel 95 orang petugas TPE dengan menggunakan simple ramdom sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EP dalam memilih anggota keluarga target yang akan dirawat adalah optimal (63,2%). EP dalam membantu puskesmas menentukan dosis dan pemberian obat-obatan untuk masing-masing keluarga yang dibantu (52,6%). EP dalam merekam keluarga yang dibantu yang minum obat pada kartu sudah optimal (55,8%). EP dalam memantau dan mencatat reaksi perawatan yang mungkin timbul dan melaporkan kepada petugas kesehatan adalah optimal (61,1%).Simpulan: Peran tenaga pelaksana eliminasi TPE di Kota Pekalongan dalam menyeleksi anggota keluarga binaan yang akan diobati, dalam membantu puskesmas menentukan dosis dan pemberian obat pada setiap keluarga binaan, dalam pencatatan keluarga binaan yang meminum obat pada kartu, dan dalam pengawasan dan pencatatan reaksi pengobatan yang mungkin timbul serta pelaporan kepada petugas kesehatan sudah optimalKata kunci: Filariasis, Tenaga Pelaksana EliminasiABSTRACT Title: The role of Elimination Personnel (EP) implementing filariasis MDA in Pekalongan City Background: Filariasis is a disease caused by filarial worms, Pekalongan City has carried out filariasis MDA (Mass Drug Administration) since 2011-2015. However, the results of the Finger Blood Survey (SDJ) showed that the microfilaria rate was > 1%. This study aims to describe the role of Elimination Personnel (EP) and the obstacles faced in implementing filariasis MDA in Pekalongan City.Method: This study used a cross sectional research method. Sampling in this study used simple random side, total 95 respondents. Data obtained by structure interviews using questionnaires.Result: The results showed that EP in selecting the target family members to be treated is optimal (63.2%). EP in helping puskesmas determine the dosage and administration of medicines for each of the assisted families (52.6%). EP in recording the assisted families who drank the medicine on the card was optimal (55.8%). EP in monitoring and recording treatment reactions that may arise and reporting to health workers was optimal (61.1%).Conclusion: The roles of TPE elimination workers of Pekalongan City were optimum, such as selecting family member who will be treated, helping Puskesmas in deciding the dosage and giving the medicine to every treated family, record of treated family who take the medicine in the given card, and in the supervision and record of medical reaction that might happen and reporting it to health workers.Keywords: Filariasis, Elimination Personnel

Medical rehabilitation for person with disability in Indonesia is still an issue. This research aimed to explore Inclusive medical rehabilitation for persons with disability due to leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, and diabetes mellitus in three regions in Indonesia. The qualitative study was employed to gather data from disability patients, health workers in PHCs, medical rehabilitation services for leprosy, DM, and LF in hospitals. The results indicated that the gap on medical rehabilitation for person with disability due to leprosy, lymphatic filariasis and diabetes mellitus in three regions were due to some differences in their geographical aspects, availability of referral hospital for treating leprosy and filariasis, supervision, human resource competencies.

Background: WHO initiated lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination globally. Pekalongan District, as LF endemic area, started a program of mass drug administration (MDA) to combat LF in 2015. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection prior to the MDA. Methods: LF infection was detected by the existence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) W. bancrofti using immunochromatographic card test (ICT). The study population consisted of 1404 elementary school (ES) students living in Pekalongan District. Overall, 1033 were selected as study subjects. Prevalence survey was also conducted on 436 general population in areas where infected students were found. Results: The subjects ranged from 7-17 yr old (mean 9.85 +/- 1.296) and equally distributed between both sexes. Prevalence of W. bancrofti infection was 1.98% in children. Infection was mostly found in older students (12 yr old), male, in 6th grade, but did not differ significantly (P=0.129, 0.376, and 0.212 respectively). On the other hand, distribution of infection was significantly different by school (P=0.009) and sub-district (P=0000). Most of children with LF infection were found in Tirto Sub District. In general population, the prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in Tirto was 4.4%. Proportion of infection in males (12.2%) was greater than females (3.8%), with 78.9% of positive cases were in adult over 20 yr old. Conclusion: Cases of W. bancrofti infection exist in Pekalongan District, both in children and adults. Implementation of MDA must be carefully monitored in order to achieve elimination target.

Purpose: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic infection of Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti and is a mosquito-transmitted disease. Mass drug administration (MDA) needs to be done annually to control LF and requires adherence of endemic populations to take medication properly. Maintaining high coverage of MDA is a challenge because the activity needs to be done in several years. This study would like to know the compliance of the community in taking medication during MDA periods in Pekalongan district using the health belief model (HBM) approach. Patients and methods: Study population was people living in endemic areas in Pekalongan district, Central Java Province. This was a cross-sectional study. HBM approach was used to analyze community perceived in regard to MDA. There were six of the 19 subdistrict selected as study location, and 100 subjects were selected from each sub-district. Therefore, a total of 600 subjects participated in this study. Data were collected using the structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed quantitatively using the Chi-squared test. Multivariate analysis was used for logistic regression. Results: Results of this study showed that the mean age of subjects was 38.6 years and had been staying in their villages for more than 30 years. Gender, marital status, history of LF, history of LF in the family, and external cues to action did not relate to MDA compliance. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers were factors related to the compliance of MDA. After multivariate analysis, the perceived susceptibility did not have relationship with compliance. Conclusion: This study showed HBM variables, ie, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and perceived barrier associated with the medication adherence of LF. The role of elimination officers was important to increase community knowledge about MDA program and the benefit to control LF disease.

Background: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection was commonly found in children. This study aimed to analyze the factors influence to the prevalence of STH infection in elementary school children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Bandungan Sub-District. Study subject consisted of 799 children. The subject was 3rd to 6th-grade children from 24 elementary schools, spread in 10 villages of Bandungan Sub-district. Only 637 out of 799 children returned feces samples. The dependent variable of the study was STH infection, which was examined by the flotation method. Independent variable consisted host characteristics and behavior, and environmental characteristics. Results: The prevalence of STH was 3.6%, consisted of ascariasis 1.5%, trichuriasis 1.2%, and hookworm 0.9%. The proportion of ascariasis and trichuriasis were higher in male than female, while hookworm was equally distributed in both sexes. Distribution of STH varied according to the village (p = 0.000), most cases were found in Candi Village where 5% of its soil was contaminated with TH eggs. Distribution of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection significantly differed by the school ((p = 0.039, 0.000, and 0.044 respectively). There was a significant difference of grade and STH infection (p = 0.043), playing on the ground and hookworm infection (p = 0.016), lack of water container and trichuriasis (p = 0.000), and type of water container and trichuriasis (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Our study concluded that environment and behavior factors must be addressed to support the accomplishment of STH control program.

Background: TB-HIV co-infection determinant can vary between regions. In Semarang, there is no study about the determinant factors of TB-HIV yet. The prevalence of TB among HIV-seropositive individuals at BKPM is probably higher than in other sites in Central Java due to a large number of TB-HIV patients treated. We conducted an explanatory study with cross-sectional design to analyze the difference of determinant factors of HIV and TB-HIV. Method: Subject was taken consecutively during April–December 2015. Pulmonary TB referred to patients with MTB infection, which is characterized by detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum using Ziehl Neelsen examination. HIV referred to the result of anti-HIV antibodies. Variables in this study consisted of characteristics (age, sex, education, occupation, marital status, and salary), sign and symptoms, behavior related to TB-HIV co-infection, and history of TB contact. Results: The result of the characteristics of subjects, such as age, sex, occupation, marital status, education level and salary, were equal between HIV and TB-HIV patients. Sign and symptoms that significantly differ were coughs, cough with phlegm and chest pain. Commonly, sign and symptoms in TB-HIV were undetermined. There was no behavioral difference between HIV and TB-HIV. History of contact (interfamilial and neighbor contact) was significantly different. Conclusion: The knowledge of the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection and its determinant factors in a local context hopefully help to reduce the burden of the disease by facilitating the early detection of at-risk patients and proper follow-up activities in the area of TB/HIV collaborative program.

Background: Preeclampsia in pregnancy contributes to maternal mortality in Central Java Province. Risk factors of preeclampsia could be early-detected by village-midwives through antenatal care (ANC) data reported in Maternal Cohort Register (MCR), which is a national standard form. Quality of data recording and reporting is crucial to ensure the accuracy in the detection of preeclampsia risk factors, and will eventually decrease maternal mortality. Methods: This research was an observational study. Data were collected from all documents of ANC during 2014, which were recorded in MCR by 278 village-midwives in 23 public health centers of Temanggung District. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: There were more than 60 fields of data to be recorded in MCR. Our results showed that 66% of the fields were filled completely. However, the record was mostly not recorded in its proper field. We also found different way of writing a field, which may confound the interpretation of data. In preeclampsia detection, only less than 20% documents were complete and consistent. Conclusion: Not all of the data for preeclampsia detection was recorded accurately, thus complicate the detection of preeclampsia risk factors. Village midwives need guidelines for reporting and training on electronic recording to detect maternal risk factors accurately and timely.