Margarita Barrera Lozano

El teletrabajo o trabajo desde casa se ha desarrollado de forma progresiva en las últimas décadas. Los factores que más han favorecido su crecimiento han sido la mejora del capital humano y de las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones, que son aspectos cruciales y necesarios para llevar a cabo la actividad laboral de forma remota y con los equipos necesarios para ellos. El avance de la globalización y la digitalización de la economía ha sido parejo con el incremento de este tipo de trabajo. La situación acaecida como consecuencia de la Covid-19 ha supuesto un empuje forzoso al incremento en el uso de esta tipología de trabajo. Este estudio analiza los datos de trabajo desde casa, o teletrabajo, en el contexto de la Unión Europea y su evolución como consecuencia de la Pandemia Covid-19. Se observan diferencias en el avance a nivel territorial, sectorial, familiar y educativo debido a carencias de capital físico y humano y, también, a las características particulares de cada tipo de actividad.

The mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions can be approached in various ways: from the supply side, by using improvements in technologies and input uses; and from the changes in the demand for products, by influencing consumer behavior to achieve a more sustainable consumption pattern. Either way it can be approached using multi-sectoral data based on an input–output or on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework, although a suitable database and the proposal of appropriate indicators are needed. A suitable database is developed through the estimation of new SAMs for the latest possible period, that of year 2015. This paper focuses on the demand approach: that of changes in the demand for products. It analyzes the different impacts among activities and commodities of a change in domestic household consumption patterns, compares the potential reductions in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions obtained through the reduction of specific demands, and considers the consequent reduction in output and employment. For this purpose, a linear multi-sectoral analysis is employed that focuses on the main EU member states. Despite major differences between countries, the results show that a decrease in emissions through demand-reduction policies exerts greater negative effects on those less polluting sectors with a higher intensity in the labor force, and offers a more suitable option for those highly polluting sectors with a lower concentration of the work factor. Richer countries that are based on service sectors therefore suffer a sharper drop in employment using this kind of policy.

High-tech sectors are able to change the direction and speed of growth of an economy. This is because there are changes in the production technology of these sectors and, therefore, there are also changes in the production types of the sectors, in demand and, consequently, in the operation of the economy. This work seeks to establish the economic interactions that oc-cur when there are changes in a sector of this type. Specifically, cross sectional analysis techniques are applied to social ac-counting matrices to determine how the multiplier effect works within an economy, breaking it down and analyzing the re-distribution effects that other economic activities undergo. For this analysis, the case of Optics in Spain is taken as an exam-ple, the results showing the high dynamic ability of these sectors, both for their multiplying effect and also for their redistri-bution effects.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo cuantificar la estructura de la industria de la óptica oftálmica en España, con la finalidad de conocer el funcionamiento y crear un marco de referencia para el estudio del sector.Para la realización de dicho trabajo se ha hecho uso de fuentes de datos primarios y secundarios que recogen la cuantificación y el tamaño del sector y la segmentación del mismo.La industria objeto de análisis muestra una alta versatilidad ante las variaciones en la coyuntura económica y un alto valor añadido de ciertas actividades. La diferenciación por segmentos demuestra características singulares en el comportamiento de la línea de lentes frente a la de gafas en estructura empresarial y, especialmente, de la línea de lentes de contacto.

The aim of this work is to enable the implementation of disaggregation processes for specific and homogeneous sectors in Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs), while taking into account the difficulties in data collection from these types of sectors. The method proposed is based on the Wolsky technique, customized for the disaggregation of SAMs, within the current-facilities framework. The Spanish SAM for 2008 is used as a benchmark for the analysis, and the specific sector chosen for disaggregation is that of the Spanish Optical Sector.