Patricia D. Fuentes Saguar

The mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions can be approached in various ways: from the supply side, by using improvements in technologies and input uses; and from the changes in the demand for products, by influencing consumer behavior to achieve a more sustainable consumption pattern. Either way it can be approached using multi-sectoral data based on an input–output or on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework, although a suitable database and the proposal of appropriate indicators are needed. A suitable database is developed through the estimation of new SAMs for the latest possible period, that of year 2015. This paper focuses on the demand approach: that of changes in the demand for products. It analyzes the different impacts among activities and commodities of a change in domestic household consumption patterns, compares the potential reductions in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions obtained through the reduction of specific demands, and considers the consequent reduction in output and employment. For this purpose, a linear multi-sectoral analysis is employed that focuses on the main EU member states. Despite major differences between countries, the results show that a decrease in emissions through demand-reduction policies exerts greater negative effects on those less polluting sectors with a higher intensity in the labor force, and offers a more suitable option for those highly polluting sectors with a lower concentration of the work factor. Richer countries that are based on service sectors therefore suffer a sharper drop in employment using this kind of policy.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of the current economic crisis on the labor market structure of Andalusia, using a multisectoral model. This is a study of the labor market in terms of industry and occupational groups, determining their evolution, both aggregate and sectoral, in Andalusia, due to economic growth or recession. It presents the contracts as a proxy for job creation, analyzing the relationship between exogenous shocks in sectors of activity and generation of employment contracts, and their distribution among the major occupational groups. The main analysis tool for achieving this goal is the use of a Social Accounting Matrix for Andalusia (2005), applying linear multiplier analysis and extending the study of occupations and contracts.

Las emisiones de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera constituyen tanto un problema económico como medioambiental. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio detallado de las emisiones provocadas por las ramas del sector energético español. Para ello, hemos elaborado para la economía española una Matriz de Contabilidad Social con cuentas ambientales, considerando los seis Gases de Efectos Invernadero que señala el Protocolo de Kioto, y en la que aparece desagregado el sector energético en ocho sectores, incluyendo renovables, con el fin de poder distinguir las emisiones de cada tipo de energía. A partir de esta matriz con cuentas ambientales, se realiza un análisis mediante un modelo multisectorial de tipo lineal, que nos permite obtener las emisiones, tanto directas como indirectas, provocadas por cada rama del sector energético español. Finalmente se evalúa el impacto que tendría en términos de emisiones un cambio en el consumo energético de los hogares a favor de fuentes energéticas renovables.

Después de dos décadas en las que Andalucía ha sido objeto de la financiación de los Fondos Estructurales Europeos, con el objetivo de desarrollar a través de estas inversiones sectores que impulsan el crecimiento económico en la región, este trabajo1, propone un análisis que permitirá conocer el impacto económico de los Fondos Europeos recibidos por la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía durante el período 2000-2006. Para ello, se utilizará la matriz de contabilidad social regional del año 2005 y un modelo de multiplicadores lineales. Los resultados subrayan una contribución significativa de los Fondos Europeos para el crecimiento de la región para el período analizado (2000- 2006).

The bio-based economy will be crucial in achieving a sustainable development, covering all ranges of natural resources. In this sense, it is very relevant to analyze the economic links between the bioeconomic sectors and the rest of the economy, determining their total and decomposed impact on economic growth. One of the major problems in carrying out this analysis is the lack of information and complete databases that allow analysis of the bioeconomy and its effects on other economic activities. To overcome this issue, disaggregated social accounting matrices have been obtained for the highly bio-based sectors of the 28 European Union member states. Using this complex database, a linear multiplier analysis shows the future key role of bio-based sectors in boosting economic development in the EU. Results show that the bioeconomy has not yet unleashed its full potential in terms of output and job creation. Thus, output and employment multipliers show that many sectors related to the bioeconomy are still underperforming compared to the EU average, particularly those with higher value added; although, they are still crucial sectors for the wealth creation.

The aim of this paper is to develop a mixed empirical methodology to identify, in a zeropublic deficit framework, those sectors with the capability for growth of output andemployment, while also considering the environmental implications of the production ofeach sector. Their economic activities are ranked and selected in terms of their output,employment, and emissions multipliers. For an empirical analysis, a Social AccountingMatrix of the Spanish economy for 2008 is used. Among the findings, highlights the factthat consideration of the zero deficit in the public budget significantly alters theimportance of the sectors for economic development, turning out key choosing a criterionfor determining the allocation of public funds. El objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de una metodología empírica mixta paraidentificar, en un marco de déficit público cero, los sectores que tienen la capacidad decrecimiento de la producción y el empleo, teniendo también en cuenta las implicacionesambientales de la producción de cada sector. Las actividades económicas se clasifican yseleccionan en función de sus multiplicadores de producción, empleo, y emisiones. Paraun análisis empírico, se utiliza una Matriz de Contabilidad Social de la economía españolapara 2008. Entre los resultados, destaca el hecho de que la consideración del déficit ceroen el presupuesto público altera significativamente la importancia de los sectores dedesarrollo económico, resultando clave la elección de un criterio para determinar laasignación de los fondos públicos.

The traditional consideration of the Foreign Sector as an exogenous variable in Input-Output or Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) linear models has led to biased estimations of hypothetical demand shocks when applying those models. The objective of this work is to analyse the possibility of including operations with foreign countries as an endogenous variable while solving the difficulties associated to this option. Thus, the methodology herein proposed makes it possible to prevent the influence and impact of the Foreign Sector from being overvalued, such as they are when estimated by other methodologies. A Social Accounting Matrix for Spain has been used as the database for this work.

Summary: The aim of this article is to calculate energy intensity and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) emissions in Andalusia, the largest and most populated region of Spain. Energy intensities for five energy commodities used in production activities are calculated using a social accounting matrix (SAM) model with three alternative scenarios, each utilizing differing closure rules. More interestingly, by using 2005 data and updating the values of exogenous accounts, the article also provides estimates of CO ₂ emissions ten years out from the 1995 base year. Finally, counterfactual experiments are performed to quantify the overall reduction in direct energy coefficients that would have made it possible to maintain constant production‐sector emissions from 1995 to 2005. The results indicate that there is a strong interdependence among energy sectors and the most intensive energy users; they also indicate the importance of induced effects when factor accounts and private consumption are endogenous. The estimates obtained concerning CO ₂ emissions are close to official estimates, both from 1995 and 2005. The counterfactual experiments indicate that a 26.5% cut in the size of direct energy requirements would have made it possible to maintain constant emissions. They also indicate that efforts to curtail emissions should be focused on improving efficiency in coal extraction and combustion and oil refining.

The objective of this work is to analyse the possibility of including operations with foreign countries as an endogenous variable in Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) linear models while solving the difficulties associated with this option (e.g. biased estimations of hypothetical demand shocks). The methodology proposed, based on Miyazawa models, makes it possible to estimate the influence and impact of the foreign exchange, preventing it from being overvalued. The SAM for Spain in the year 2000 has been used as the database for this work.