Pavlo M. Skliarov

Modern global livestock farming is undergoing transformative changes driven by the need to implement the principles of sustainable development, ethical farming and high standards of animal welfare. For a long time, in animal science and practice, reproductive performance has been assessed primarily through the prism of economic efficiency and production intensification, whilst its significance as an indicator of the biological, physiological and psycho-emotional state of animals has remained insufficiently explored. The aim of the study was to provide a theoretical justification and to develop a comprehensive conceptual model of reproduction as a key component of farm animal welfare to ensure the long-term sustainability of the livestock sector. The methodology of the study was based on the application of systemic-structural analysis, scientific generalisation, comparison and conceptual modelling of the results of contemporary fundamental and applied research indexed in the scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science. As a result of the study, the neuroendocrine and physiological mechanisms of reproductive function suppression under the influence of technological and environmental stress, caused by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and elevated cortisol levels, were detailed. Causal links have been established between poor housing conditions, chronic stress and delayed recovery of the oestrous cycle following parturition. The importance of the expression of natural reproductive and maternal behaviour as a key indicator of the formation of a positive emotional state in animals within the context of the modern Five Domains model has been substantiated. A conceptual framework has been developed that integrates reproductive health parameters, behavioural responses and technological factors into a unified system for assessing animal welfare. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of scientifically grounded approaches to adapting technological processes in animal husbandry, enabling the effective combination of a high level of animal welfare with their reproductive capacity and the long-term economic efficiency of farming

The article presents the results of a medical and philosophical analysis of contemporary issues in veterinary ecology. The study examines human interaction with domestic and farm animals through the prism of preventive and therapeutic activities. The scientific novelty of the work lies in introducing the concept of “ecological destruction of anthropogenic origin” into scientific discourse and substantiating it as an independent category for the analysis of pathological conditions in animals. The analysis indicates that a considerable range of veterinary pathologies at the morphofunctional and genetic levels may be associated with civilization-related and other anthropogenic factors. The study shows that artificially induced productivity traits may conflict with the natural biological limits of adaptation. In particular, examples of systemic depletion of biological resources in highly productive livestock and poultry are considered, including hypocalcemia in dairy cows and osteoporosis in laying hens. It is emphasized that the intensification of production and the pursuit of maximum productivity may act as additional stressors, contributing to the premature depletion of biological resources. Special attention is paid to destructive changes associated with the breeding of companion animals, in which selection based primarily on aesthetic criteria may lead to physiological abnormalities. Brachycephaly in dogs is considered as an example of a selectively fixed morphological trait associated with shortening of the respiratory tract and difficulties in natural parturition due to a mismatch between fetal size and the anatomical characteristics of the birth canal. Genetically determined chondrodystrophy in dachshunds is highlighted as an example of a selection-related musculoskeletal disorder. The need for a differentiated approach to the understanding of animal health is substantiated by considering the health of productive animals as a functional state that ensures long-term maintenance of productivity while preserving adequate physiological adaptation. The main categories of anthropogenic ecological destruction are identified as selection-related, technological, nutritional, and environmental. The use of genetic resources from wild forms, particularly argali and zebu, to improve the biological stability and adaptability of domesticated breeds is also analyzed. The practical significance of the study lies in providing a conceptual basis for improving veterinary diagnostic and preventive approaches through systematic consideration of anthropogenic and technological factors that may contribute to the biological depletion of animals. The findings also provide a methodological basis for optimizing breeding strategies aimed at achieving a more balanced relationship between productivity and animal health.

Nutritional infertility in high-yielding dairy cattle remains a critical economic and veterinary challenge, primarily driven by trace mineral and vitamin deficiencies inherent to specific biogeochemical provinces. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an experimental mineral-vitamin feed supplement designed to prevent nutritional reproductive failures in cows. The experiment was conducted during the winter-stall period on black-spotted dairy cows exhibiting metabolic deficiencies at baseline. Initial blood serum analysis revealed significant deficits in Se, Cu, and vitamins A and E. To correct these imbalances, a pilot powder-form additive (utilizing fodder chalk as a filler) was formulated, providing, per 1 kg of dry matter, a daily blend of 8000 mg β-carotene, 5400 mg α-tocopherol, 80 mg sodium selenite, and 1540 mg copper sulfate per 1 kg of dry matter. The supplement was mixed with concentrated feed at a daily dose of 50 g per animal for 30 days. Blood serum trace element levels (Fe, Cu, Se, Zn, Mn, Co) were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while fat-soluble vitamins (A and E) were analyzed via fluorescence spectroscopy. Following the 30-day supplementation period, the metabolic profile of the experimental group exhibited significant improvement. Selenium content increased by 70.2%, and copper levels rose by 47.9% relative to the minimum threshold. Concurrently, serum concentrations of vitamins A and E significantly increased by 196% and 70.3%. In conclusion, oral supplementation with the developed mineral-vitamin blend effectively restores systemic homeostasis, optimizes the metabolic profile, and serves as a reliable preventive measure against nutritionally-induced reproductive disorders in dairy cattle.

Nutritional infertility in cows and heifers represents a significant barrier to cattle breeding development; thus, its prevention is a primary focus for intensifying dairy farming. Addressing this scientific and practical challenge requires a systemic approach, integrating zootechnical, veterinary, and organizational measures aimed at optimizing metabolic processes. These interventions must be systematic and continuous, effectively leveraging scientific advancements and the best practices of leading agricultural enterprises. The prevention of nutritional infertility must begin with establishing a robust forage base aligned with livestock development prospects. Crucial factors include the timely procurement of high-quality, diverse feedstuffs verified for nutritional value, alongside proper storage techniques to prevent spoilage. Preventive strategies are implemented based on chemical analysis of feed to formulate complete, balanced rations. To support reproductive functions, the ration structure–specifically the ratio of distinct feed groups-is of vital importance. Particular emphasis must be placed on differentiated feeding of females, accounting for their age, physiological state (pregnancy, dry, postpartum periods), productivity, and housing conditions. In response to the intensive exploitation of cows for economic efficiency, the scientific community has developed updated feeding standards for high-yielding animals involving various compound feeds and additives. Achieving balanced nutrition necessitates the inclusion of diverse, environmentally safe, and cost-effective feed additives. However, the application of any biological supplements must be appropriate to the specific nutritional context and physiologically justified. Current scientific consensus emphasizes monitoring the vitamin-mineral status of cattle and compensating for deficiencies through parenteral administration. Nonetheless, deeper research in animal nutritional physiology is required to identify specific patterns and mechanisms. Such knowledge will provide the foundation for improving reproductive performance, minimizing infertility, and increasing the overall profitability of livestock enterprises.

The prevalence of ophthalmological and dental pathology in dogs and cats was determined by analyzing statistical data obtained from veterinary clinics in the city of Dnipro. The most common ophthalmological diseases were conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis. Corneal ulcers and injuries to the eye and auxiliary apparatus were recorded more often in cats than in dogs, and among oncological diseases, lymphoma of the eye. Cataracts and prolapse of the third eyelid were diagnosed more frequently in dogs. Papillomatous lesions of the oral cavity were recorded only in young dogs. Male individuals were more often affected, and ophthalmological pathology was observed in mestizos and the following breeds: cocker spaniel, poodle, dachshund, shar pei, german shepherd, and labrador. Corneal lesions were often found in brachycephalic dogs. In cats, ophthalmological diseases were mainly diagnosed in mongrels and animals of scottish, persian, british breeds and sphinxes. Of the oncological diseases, eye lymphoma is significantly prevalent in animals, which was recorded with a higher frequency in cats. A significant prevalence of oral diseases in dogs and cats has been confirmed. Of the dental problems, periodontitis, tartar, malocclusion and gingivostomatitis were more frequently diagnosed. In dogs, malocclusion and tumors of the oral cavity were recorded with a higher frequency, and in cats, gingivostomatitis and injuries and fractures of the jaws. Periodontal disease and tartar are the most common dental problems in animals of both species. A predisposition to both ophthalmological and dental pathology is noted in brachycephalics. The conducted statistical analysis provides additional information about the prevalence of ophthalmological and dental pathology in dogs and cats, and the obtained research results may be useful for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Метою проведеного огляду було порівняльне оцінювання наявних клінічних схем загального та місцевого знеболювання собак за стоматологічних маніпуляцій. Останній роки ознаменовані інтенсивними дослідженнями в сфері ветеринарної стоматології. Удосконалення існуючих та розробка нових методів дослідження тварин із хворобами органів ротової порожнини та їх лікування, потребує адекватного знеболювання. Загальне знеболювання за проведення діагностичних і лікувальних маніпуляцій є одним із факторів ризику загибелі тварин. Тому запропоновані наразі анестезіологічні схеми потребують удосконалення. У клінічній стоматологічній практиці поширений мультимодальний підхід до знеболювання, який передбачає використання комбінації методів та препаратів з різними механізмами дії для досягнення оптимального знеболення за мінімізації побічних ефектів. Планування анестезіологічного забезпечення повинно враховувати, що більшість захворювань органів ротової порожнини супроводжується болем. Оптимальним варіантом знеболювання, на думку більшості дослідників, є поєднання наркозу із провідниковими блокадами. Серед системних фармакологічних засобів найчастіше використовують опіоїдні анальгетики: метадон, буторфанол, трамадол. Перспективним напрямком знеболювання за стоматологічних маніпуляцій у собак є використання нестероїдних протизапальних засобів (зокрема, мелоксикаму): у схемах премедикації та підтримки належного рівня анестезії. Виражений клінічний ефект підтверджено за провідникової анестезії бупівакаїном, лідокаїном та їх комбінацією, яка дозволяє подовжити тривалість їх дії. Проведення місцевого знеболювання на тлі наркозу у більшості випадків забезпечує адекватне знеболення, проте в окремих випадках техніка блокад потребує удосконалення. Незважаючи на незначний рівень смертності собак (в межах 3 %), значна увага дослідників прикута до визначення факторів ризику загибелі тварин за використання різних анестезіологічних протоколів. За доведеної кореляції ризику летальності із віком, породою, типом і тривалістю знеболювання, терміновістю маніпуляції, їх механізми залишаються недостатньо вивченими. Перспектива подальших досліджень – клінічна апробація сучасних місцевих анестетиків та вивчення потенційної можливості їх застосування у поєднанні із засобами для загальної анестезії.

The publication explores the historical development of diagnostic, therapeutic, and experimental methods applied to non-contagious diseases within the zemstvo veterinary practice of Dnipro Ukraine. It traces the evolution of approaches, the adaptation of general biological and medical achievements, and the mutual influences between Ukrainian veterinary medicine and global scientific practice. Particular attention is given to the advancement of surgical techniques, anesthesiology, reproductive medicine, the design of surgical equipment, and therapeutic treatments. The work highlights the contributions of Mykhailo Maltsev, Moysey Koyranskyi, Mykola Shadrin, Serhii Yevseienko, Serhii Hrintser, Yevdokym Telychenko, and A. Popov. The impact of folk medicine and local veterinary culture on disease prevention and control is assessed. The study characterizes the patterns of veterinary progress, driven primarily by the zemstvo service. It demonstrates the dynamic integration of scientific developments into practice and the reciprocal influence of field experience on academic research. Following the elimination of major epizootic threats, a full-scale development of methods for managing non-contagious pathology began. The invention of an operating table for large animals by Moysey Koiranskyi serves as an example of professional competition and the complex journey from workshop innovation to industrial implementation. The publication conveys the “spirit of the era,” comparing professional relationships of the late 19th – early 20th centuries with those of today. It acknowledges that the period under study coincides with the rule of the Russian Empire, when Ukrainian specialists lacked the opportunity to publish in their native language or establish independent veterinary institutions. Nonetheless, the role of periodicals as platforms for collegial exchange, experience sharing, and scientific discourse is emphasized. Zemstvo veterinary community has served as both the analysts and the expert cohort while their research aimed to solve practical aspects. They did not reject folk medicine, often turning to medicinal plants due to limited access to pharmaceuticals. This reveals a deep connection between veterinary practice and the everyday life of the population, forming a distinct national character and tradition within regional veterinary culture. The development of obstetrics, gynecology, surgery, and andrology, as well as the establishment of breeding centers and agricultural exhibitions in Southeastern Ukraine, had both local and international significance.

Проведено аналіз сучасних літературних джерел стосовно етіології, методів діагностики і лікування пародонтозу собак. Цей аналіз свідчить, що на розвиток хвороби впливають вік, вага, порода тварини, дієта, генетична схильність, жувальна поведінка. Брахіоцефальні породи хворіють частіше мезоцефальних. Одним із основних чинників вважають мікрофлору зубного нальоту. Її етіологічна роль у розвитку запалення, яке призводить до втрати кісткової тканини пародонту, вважається доведеною. Для діагностики патології доцільним є проведення рентгенологічного дослідження, комп’ютерної томографії та пародонтального зондування. Діагностична ефективність рентгенограм є високою. Це дослідження слід проводити в усіх випадках під час діагностики пародонтозу з метою призначення адекватного лікування та оцінки його ефективності протягом усього терміну захворювання. Доведено значний зв’язок важкості перебігу пародонтозу з подальшим ризиком розвитку серцево-судинних захворювань, а також хвороб печінки, нирок і кровотворної системи. Успішне лікування та профілактика захворювань пародонту у собак потребує комплексного підходу. Застосовуються консервативні і оперативні методи.Лікувальні і профілактичні заходи тісно пов’язані з контролем зубного нальоту. Широко використовуються антибактеріальні засоби, а також нестероїдні препарати та імуномодулятори. Тривають дослідження стосовно визначення ефективності засобів покращення регенерації тканин пародонту. Зокрема, кістковозамінних матеріалів, колагену, стовбурових клітин. Незважаючи на численні дослідження, які повідомляють про перевагу нових матеріалів для покращення регенерації тканин пародонту, досягнуто обмеженого прогресу у їх застосуванні у клінічній практиці. Перспективною під час лікування пародонтозу у собак може бути імуномодулююча терапія у комплексі з протимікробними засобами, стовбуровими клітинами та іншими методами. Аналіз літературних джерел показує, що все ще існує необхідність проведення рандомізованих досліджень стосовно вивчення ефективності різних методів лікування пародонтозу у собак.

The purpose of the work was to determine the causes of impaired reproductive function in nutria. The object of the study was female nutria and the nutria obtained from them, the subject was indicators of the state of reproduction and the causes of impaired reproductive function in nutria. Anamnestic data were studied, general clinical and other studies were conducted within the framework of obstetric and gynecological dispensary. The content of vitamin A in blood serum was determined. It was determined that the leading cause of reduced reproductive function in nutria is the nutritional factor and in particular the reduced quality of feed and the inferiority of rations: the organoleptic indicators of winter ration feed were not always properly assessed (in some places moldy, frozen or rotten) and at the end of winter - beginning of spring they already acquired a changed color (not green or greenish, but yellowish or brownish shades). The identified deficiencies of deficient feeding indicate a decrease in the content of carotene (provitamin A) and are confirmed by the presence of clinical manifestations of hypovitaminosis A in some animals – growth retardation and development with manifesting signs of dullness of the hair, loss of skin elasticity, pronounced pathology in the form of hyperkeratosis, eczematous lesions, alopecia, xerophthalmia. Infertility is diagnosed in repair females from among those admitted to reproduction (within 3 months of being in a family with a male, they do not come to hunt and are not inseminated), the birth of non-viable offspring). A pronounced seasonality of vitamin A deficiency has been established with a peak incidence in February-March, when the content of vitamin A is more than 2.5 times lower compared to the summer-autumn period (August-September). The described etiopathogenetic mechanism of perinatal pathology in vitamin A deficiency consists in the development of fetoplacental insufficiency in hypoestrogenemia, which is manifested by a violation of the morphological structure of the placenta with its subsequent dysfunction and, accordingly, a violation of intrauterine development, as well as the course of the intra- and postnatal periods.

The management of chronic heart failure (CHF) remains a critical challenge in cardiovascular pathology. This study aimed to investigate the role of L-arginine in a mesatone-induced rat model of CHF. L-arginine exhibits cardioprotective effects. CHF was induced in experimental groups by intramuscular administration of 0.1 mL of a 1 % mesatone solution, followed by daily free swimming until profound fatigue for 21 days. The experiment continued until stable and irreversible myocardial changes developed. One experimental group received L-arginine at a dose of 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 10 days. The control group consisted of intact animals. The impact of CHF on the cardiovascular system was assessed through biochemical and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. In CHF-induced rats, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increased by 36.7 % (P ≤ 0.05) and 184.1 % (P ≤ 0.05), respectively, compared to the control group. Additionally, CHF was associated with an increase in creatinine levels by 152.6 % (P ≤ 0.01) and urea levels by 207.0 % (P ≤ 0.05), indicating renal dysfunction. Electrolyte imbalances included elevated sodium, potassium, and chloride levels, reflecting the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). CHF also caused significant alterations in ECG parameters, including a 24.8 % (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in heart rate, a 50.2 % (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in R-wave amplitude, and a 192.9 % (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in T-wave amplitude. Additionally, CHF led to a 37.2 % (P ≤ 0.05) prolongation of the QRS complex and a 60.3 % (P ≤ 0.05) increase in QT interval duration, indicating myocardial conduction abnormalities and impaired ventricular repolarization. L-arginine administration demonstrated a cardioprotective effect by reducing AST levels by 27.7 % (P ≤ 0.05) and ALT by 5.8 %, suggesting improved myocardial function. Furthermore, creatinine and urea levels decreased by 46.9 % (P ≤ 0.05) and 60.0 % (P ≤ 0.05), respectively, indicating a beneficial effect on renal function. Electrolyte imbalances were partially corrected, with potassium levels decreasing by 69.9 % (P ≤ 0.05) and chloride levels by 44.1 % (P ≤ 0.05). L-arginine also contributed to the partial normalization of ECG parameters, leading to a 9.0 % (P ≤ 0.05) increase in heart rate, reduction in QT interval prolongation, and improved ventricular conduction. These findings suggest that L-arginine mitigates biochemical and electrophysiological disturbances associated with CHF, supporting its potential as a cardioprotective agent.