Yuanfang Liu

OffLabel Disclosure:. No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.Flumatinib is a novel 2nd-generation TKI used for CML and BCR::ABL1+ ALLFigure 1

OffLabel Disclosure:. No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.Olverembatinib is a novel 3rd-generation TKI used for CML and BCR::ABL1+ ALLFigure 1

Nanoplastics, one component of plastic pollution, can enter human bodies via inhalation and thus threaten human health. However, the knowledge about the uptake and exocytosis of nanoplastics in cells of human lung organs is still very limited. Herein, we investigated the endocytosis, distribution, and exocytosis of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) of 50 nm (G50PS) and 100 nm (R100PS) in A549 cells and BEAS-2B cells. We found that both the cellular uptake of PS NPs increased positively with exposure time and dose, and A549 cells ingested more PS NPs than BEAS-2B cells did. In addition, the intracellular content of G50PS was higher than that of R100PS except at a higher dose and longer time. The ingested PS NPs were distributed mainly in lysosomes, while many G50PS appeared around the cell membrane, and R100PS also accumulated in mitochondria in BEAS-2B cells. As for the exocytosis, R100PS was more difficult to excrete than G50PS. Lysosomes in A549 cells and actin and microtubule in BEAS-2B cells were involved in the exocytosis of the PS NPs. These findings provide detailed information about the translocation of nanoplastics in lung cells, which is valuable for the safety assessment of nanoplastics in the environment.

VO₂NPs trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress, release of calcium ions, and overproduction of ROS, leading to a significant proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in macrophages. VO₂NPs display higher responses and toxicity than bulk VO₂.

PEG with two terminal –SH groups can help to restore the native conformation of CDRs when PEG and CDRs are conjugated onto AuNPs together, thus creating the PEGylated Goldbody.

The long-term low-dose cytotoxicity of VO₂ nanoparticles is much different from the short-term one.

Host–guest carbon dots (G@CDots) represent a new platform in the rapidly advancing and expanding research field of carbon dots, enabling the development of novel carbon hybrid nanostructures of unique properties beyond those of conventional carbon dots.

Understanding the toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles taken through oral pathway is indispensable for their sustained and healthy applications in the future. In this study, focusing on the influence of size, dose, crystalline phase, and dissolution, we evaluated the toxicity of four alumina (Al₂O₃) particles (two nano-sizes and the other two submicro-sizes) with different crystalline phases (α and γ phase) and two zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (one nano-size and the other submicro-size) on the intestinal cell Caco-2 and the In Vitro human intestinal epithelium model Caco-2 monolayer. We found that the toxicity of Al₂O₃ particles to Caco-2 cells was much lower than that of ZnO particles. Significant toxicity was induced by ZnO at 18 µg/mL, while Al₂O₃ at 50 µg/mL only showed slight toxicity. The toxicity of particles mainly depended on the dose and dissolution, but was not closely related with the size and crystalline phase. The ROS generation might be a reason for the toxicity of Al₂O₃ particles. Al₂O₃ particles induced the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, mitochondrial membrane potential decreases, and apoptosis, but no IL-8 generation was observed. For ZnO particles, the toxicity came from the dissolved Zn. The ZnO particles at 18 µg/mL induced mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, apoptosis and IL-8 generation, but no ROS generation was observed. For the Caco-2 monolayer, the integrity retained after particle exposures, though cell death was observed. Interestingly, the ZnO and γ-Al₂O₃ particles induced the clustered cell death, while α-Al₂O₃ particles induced the scattered cell death. Although the properties of Al₂O₃ and ZnO were much different, the traverse of both particles through the Caco-2 monolayer under different conditions was negligible. This is the first toxicity study about Al₂O₃ and ZnO nanoparticles on the In Vitro human intestinal epithelium model.

After 270-day consecutive feeding with food containing ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO microparticles and Zn ions, no Zn level increase was found in any organ except digestive tract organs and only ZnO nanoparticles induce minor toxicity.