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Vital pulp therapy (VPT), particularly pulpotomy, has emerged as a predictable treatment option for permanent teeth with deep caries and even in the presence of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Although numerous clinical studies have reported favorable outcomes, considerable variation exists in the methods used to assess postoperative pulp sensibility. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the pulp sensibility assessment methods, diagnostic methods, and follow-up schedules employed in clinical studies evaluating permanent tooth pulpotomy. This scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Scopus without date restrictions. Clinical studies involving partial or full pulpotomy in permanent teeth that reported postoperative pulp sensibility assessment were included. Data regarding study characteristics, pulpotomy procedures, sensibility assessment methods, follow-up intervals, and key findings were extracted and synthesized descriptively. The search identified 4,287 records, of which 35 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The included studies comprised randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective clinical studies, and one quasi-experimental study. EPT combined with cold testing was the most frequently used assessment methods, followed by cold testing alone and EPT alone. Follow-up intervals varied substantially, ranging from 2 days to 8 years, although most studies evaluated sensibility at 6, 12, and 24 months. A consistent finding across studies was the markedly higher positive response rate obtained with EPT compared with cold testing after full pulpotomy. Teeth treated with partial pulpotomy generally maintained more favorable responses to both EPT and thermal tests. Several studies also reported transient postoperative thermal hypersensitivity during the early healing period, particularly following partial pulpotomy. Considerable heterogeneity exists in postoperative pulp sensibility assessment methods following permanent tooth pulpotomy. According to the included studies, EPT demonstrated higher response rates than cold testing after full pulpotomy. Standardized assessment methods and the incorporation of objective assessment methods are needed to improve the consistency of outcome reporting and facilitate comparisons among future VPT studies.

The durability of dental restorations against erosive and staining challenges is crucial for long-term clinical success. Therefore, this in vitro study aimed to investigate the combined effects of sequential simulated gastric acid exposure, coffee immersion, and different cleaning procedures on the surface roughness and color stability of four contemporary flowable resin composites with different filler and matrix characteristics. Ninety-six disk-shaped specimens were fabricated from four resin composites: Omnichroma Flow, G-ænial Universal Injectable, Universal Flo, and EverX Flow. Baseline surface roughness and color coordinates were recorded. Specimens were immersed in 0.06 M hydrochloric acid for 48 h to simulate gastric acid exposure and subsequently immersed in coffee solution for 24 h to simulate staining. Color measurements were performed at baseline, after sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure, and after cleaning procedures. ΔE₀ was calculated between baseline and post-exposure values, whereas ΔE₁ was calculated between post-exposure and post-cleaning values. Specimens were then allocated to three cleaning subgroups: toothbrushing (BR), water flosser (WF) and mouthrinse (MR). Final surface roughness and color changes were evaluated. Data were analyzed using mixed and factorial ANOVA tests. Sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure significantly increased surface roughness in all materials. Omnichroma Flow showed the lowest roughness values, whereas G-ænial Universal Injectable demonstrated the highest post-treatment roughness, particularly after toothbrushing. Toothbrushing generally caused greater roughness increases than other cleaning procedures. Material type significantly affected color stability, with Universal Flo showing the greatest discoloration and Omnichroma Flow the lowest color change. Surface roughness and color stability were significantly influenced by sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure and cleaning procedures in a material-dependent manner.

Calcium silicate–based cements are widely used for vital pulp therapy (VPT); however, newer formulations such as premixed putty and light‑curable resin‑modified MTAs may differ in handling, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. This study compared the cytotoxicity and key physicochemical properties of Cal‑Bio LC MTA, ProRoot MTA and NeoPutty MTA. Three calcium silicate–based cements were evaluated in vitro ( n = 5 per test). Setting time, flow, and radiopacity were assessed according to ISO 6876:2012; radiopacity was calculated as mm Al using an aluminum step wedge. Solubility (mass loss, %) was assessed at 1, 7 and 30 days (ISO 6876), while water sorption, solubility (µg/mm³), and porosity were assessed at 30 days (ISO 4049:2019). pH changes of set specimens were measured after 24 h, 7 d and 30 d. Compressive strength (4 × 6 mm cylinders) and Vickers microhardness were measured. FT-IR (ATR, 4000–400 cm⁻¹) was used to characterize functional groups. Cytotoxicity was assessed on human dermal fibroblasts using an extract‑based MTT assay and IC₅₀ values were calculated. Data were statistically analysed using Kruskal–Wallis H test (α = 0.05). Cal‑Bio LC MTA exhibited the shortest setting time, the highest flowability, compressive strength, and microhardness values ( p < .05). While ProRoot MTA and NeoPutty MTA displayed higher radiopacity values ( p < .05) radiopacity of all materials exceeded 3 mm Al. All materials met the ISO 6876 solubility limit (< 3%). ProRoot MTA exhibited the highest alkalinity over time and the highest cytocompatibility (IC₅₀ >147.224), followed by NeoPutty (IC₅₀ 91.59) and Cal‑Bio LC (IC₅₀ 78.79). Material formulation and setting mechanism strongly influenced biological and physicochemical properties. Cal‑Bio LC MTA provided superior early handling and mechanical properties, whereas ProRoot MTA showed higher alkalinity and better cytocompatibility.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different post space drill diameters on remaining dentine thickness in maxillary and mandibular molars using high-resolution micro–computed tomography (micro-CT). Sixty molars (30 maxillary, 30 mandibular) with straight or slightly curved roots were allocated into homogeneous groups using pre-existing micro-CT datasets. Post spaces were prepared in the maxillary palatal and mandibular distal roots using Inod drills of three diameters (1.14, 1.25, and 1.55 mm; n = 10 per group). By superimposing pre- and post-preparation scans, the remaining dentine thickness was measured at 1-mm intervals apically from the furcal level (FL) in multiple directions. Data were analysed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Maxillary molars generally retained ≥ 1 mm of dentine thickness across most surfaces and drill sizes, with buccal walls remaining consistently thicker than palatal ones. Only a single perforation occurred (buccal aspect, 1.55 mm group). Conversely, mandibular molars exhibited significantly thinner mesial walls compared to distal walls ( p < .05), frequently resulting in postoperative thicknesses of ≤ 1 mm on the mesial surfaces. Furthermore, three perforations occurred on the mesial aspect with the 1.55 mm drill, whereas the distal walls generally maintained ≥ 1 mm thickness without perforations. Drill diameter significantly influences remaining dentine thickness in molar roots. The anatomical dimensions of palatal roots in maxillary molars permit post space preparation with a low risk of perforation, even with larger drills. However, highly conservative preparation or evidence-based post-free alternatives, such as endocrowns, are strongly recommended for mandibular molars.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical stability and clinical handling properties of contemporary root canal sealers with different chemical bases (hydraulic calcium silicate, resin, and silicone-based) under thermal stress simulating warm vertical compaction (WVC) using a multi-analytical approach. Total Fill BC Sealer HiFlow, Edge Bioceramic, BioRoot RCS, GuttaFlow Bioseal, AH Plus Bioceramic, MTA Fillapex and AH Plus were evaluated. Structural, chemical, and thermal characterization of the sealers were performed using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and DSC analyses. Samples were exposed to physiological body temperature (37 °C, control group) or thermal stress simulating the heat produced during WVC (100 °C). Setting time, flow, film thickness, water sorption, solubility, and pH were assessed according to ISO standards. Heat application significantly reduced the setting time in all materials ( p < .05), with the greatest reductions observed in BioRoot RCS and Edge Bioceramic Sealer. Following heat exposure, flow values decreased significantly in BioRoot RCS, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus Bioceramic ( p < .05), rendering these specific materials non-compliant with ISO 6876 requirements. In contrast, Total Fill BC Sealer HiFlow and AH Plus showed no significant changes in flow ( p > .05). Film thickness significantly increased in BioRoot RCS, Edge Bioceramic Sealer, Total Fill BC Sealer HiFlow, and AH Plus and after heating ( p < .05). Conversely, AH Plus Bioceramic and MTA Fillapex demonstrated stability with no significant changes in film thickness ( p > .05). Heat application did not significantly affect pH values at any time point ( p > .05). Thermal stress simulating WVC induces material-dependent physicochemical changes in contemporary root canal sealers. Sealers relying on aqueous hydration mechanisms are particularly susceptible to heat-induced instability, whereas premixed calcium silicate sealers engineered for warm obturation and epoxy resin-based sealers demonstrate superior thermal stability. The multi-analytical characterization proved pivotal in elucidating the underlying mechanisms, linking the physical stability to dehydration and phase transitions.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the push-out bond strength of a hydraulic calcium silicate sealer (HCSS) (AH Plus Bioceramic; Dentsply Sirona, Tulsa, OK, USA), to dentin following calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ₂ ) removal using different irrigation protocols and to assess the sealer-dentin adhesive interface. Materials and Methods: Forty-four single-rooted human teeth were prepared, standardized to 16 mm in length, and instrumented with ProTaper Next to an X5 size. After final irrigation, the canals were filled with Ca(OH) ₂ for two weeks. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the irrigation protocol: distilled water (control), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with NaOCl, citric acid, and glycolic acid. The canals were subsequently dried and filled with HCSS, a premixed hydraulic calcium silicate sealer, using an X5 gutta-percha cone. The specimens were stored at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 7-day before testing. Push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Results: Glycolic acid exhibited the highest overall bond strength, particularly in the coronal third ( p < .05), compared to distilled water. EDTA + NaOCl and citric acid demonstrated similar bond strength values, both statistically superior to distilled water ( p < .05), but not significantly different from glycolic acid ( p > .05). Failure mode analysis revealed predominantly cohesive failures, with no statistically significant variation in failure modes among irrigation protocols or root canal thirds ( p > .05). Conclusion: The irrigation protocol used for Ca(OH) ₂ removal significantly influenced the push-out bond strength of HCSS. Glycolic acid demonstrated the highest bond strength, particularly in the coronal third, while EDTA + NaOCl and citric acid also enhanced bonding compared to the control group.

This micro‐CT study analysed 90 mandibular mesial roots with and without a bifid apex. Number of orifices and main apical foramina, main canal counts at coronal/middle/apical thirds, middle mesial canal (MMC) presence, and MB–ML inter‐orifice distance in two‐orifice roots were measured. The prevalence of MMCs was significantly higher in bifid roots (35.5%) compared to non‐bifid roots (11.4%) ( p < 0.05). Bifid roots exhibited a significantly higher mean number of apical foramina (2.24 ± 0.43) than non‐bifid roots (1.33 ± 0.52) ( p < 0.05). In roots with two orifices, the MB–ML inter‐orifice distance was significantly wider in the bifid group (2.57 ± 0.56 mm) compared to the non‐bifid group (2.28 ± 0.50 mm) ( p < 0.05). Canal configurations also differed significantly; bifid roots were predominantly Vertucci Type V (31.1%) and Type IV (26.7%), while non‐bifid roots frequently presented with Type I (33.3%) and Type III (26.7%).

Aims: The use of various cavity disinfectants and irrigants can influence the long-term success of restorations, thereby affecting the seal integrity of root canal treatments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cavity cleansers and bonding protocols on the microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restorations in endodontically treated teeth. Methods: Eighty extracted, non-carious maxillary first molars were used. Standardized 4×4 mm access cavities were prepared, and root canals were instrumented and obturated using the lateral condensation technique. The teeth were divided into eight groups according to the surface pretreatment protocol: no pretreatment, Cavity Conditioner, Dentin Conditioner, and Triton application, and then restored with RMGIC with and without an adhesive. After thermocycling, specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin. Dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (×40) using a 0–3 scoring system. Data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression with pretreatment and bonding as fixed factors. Effect sizes were expressed as odds ratios (95% CI). Group comparisons were performed with the Kruskal–Wallis test (Holm-adjusted, α=0.05) using RStudio (v2025.09.1+401). Results: Microleakage scores varied significantly among groups (p

Amaç: Bu çalışma, diş hekimliği son sınıf öğrencilerinin endodonti stajı sırasında apeks bulucu ve döner eğe sistemlerini kullanmalarının, eğitim motivasyonları ve klinik tutumları üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 2023–2024 eğitim-öğretim yılında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’nde yürütülen bu araştırmaya, endodonti stajına katılan ve belirli ön koşulları sağlayan 171 gönüllü öğrenci dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, staj öncesinde kısa bir teorik ve uygulamalı eğitim almış, staj süresince apeks bulucu ve döner eğe sistemlerini aktif olarak kullanarak tedavilerini gerçekleştirmiştir. Staj sonunda öğrencilerin teknolojiye yönelik algıları, klinik özgüvenleri ve eğitim memnuniyetlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen 20 maddelik 5’li Likert tipi bir anket uygulanmıştır. Veriler SPSS programında frekans ve ki-kare (goodness of fit) testleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları, öğrencilerin endodonti pratiğinde kullanılan teknolojik araçlara yönelik genel olarak olumlu bir tutum sergilediklerini göstermektedir. Katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu, endomotor ve apeks bulucu gibi cihazların kanal tedavisinde gerekli olduğunu belirtmiş ve bu cihazların staj sürecindeki işlem hızını ve verimliliğini artırdığını ifade etmiştir. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin çoğu, başarılı bir endodontik tedavi için gerekli çabayı gösterdiklerini ve bu süreçte stratejik yaklaşımlar benimsediklerini bildirmiştir. Teknolojik ekipmanların kullanımıyla birlikte tedavilere yönelik bakış açılarının değiştiğini belirten yüksek orandaki katılım sağlanmıştır. Sonuç: Endodonti eğitiminde güncel teknolojik cihazların kullanımının dahil edilmesi ve öğrencilerin bu konuda desteklenmesi öğrencilerin özgüven, ilgi ve mesleki farkındalık düzeylerini de geliştirmektedir.