Rajesh Bhargavan

Background: The vertebral arteries (VA) play a vital role in supplying blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. Vertebral artery anomalies, including abnormal origins, courses, and structural irregularities, heighten the risk of cerebrovascular events. Typically, the vertebral arteries arise from the posterosuperior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery. The aim of this study is to present the presence of variation in the origin of vertebral artery Material and Methods: Twenty-eight embalmed cadavers allotted for 1st year MBBS dissection in the Department of Anatomy were used for the study. The triangle of vertebral artery was exposed in all the cadavers, and examined the origin of vertebral artery. Dimensions of the Triangle of Vertebral artery (TVA) and vertebral artery were then measured using a digital vernier caliper and the area and height of the TVA were calculated. Result: In the present study, we have evaluated the morphometric parameters of the TVA and vertebral artery. Even though there were no noticeable differences in the boundaries of TVA of both sides, the morphometric parameters showed slight difference in the measurements, but not significant. Among the 28 cadavers the unilateral origin of VA in one cadaver was from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA) . Discussion & Conclusion: The mean height of TVA was 26.3mm (range, 23.7-33.7 mm) on the left and 26.2mm (range, 23.5-32.8 mm) on the right. In the current study it was observed the origin of VA from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA). The current study found that 3.6% of the variations in the origin of VA. This study highlights the variation in the origin of the vertebral artery and accentuates the importance of identifying these variations in clinical practice. KEYWORDS: Vertebral Artery, Subclavian artery, Arch of Aorta, foramen transversarium.

Background: An increasing number of people are turning to herbal medicines in their search for innovative pharmaceuticals since they are effective treatments for a wide variety of conditions and traditional herbs are rich in bioactive chemicals. In this study, we looked at whether or not a petiole extract of Eichhornia crassipes preserved in methanol inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. Materials and methods: Lakes in Ezhikkara, Ernakulum, Kerala, were the source of E. crassipes. Soxhlet extraction was used to create the extract. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the cell viability of methanolic petiole extract at various concentrations. Mean and standard deviation was used to determine absorbance scores. Utilizing probit analysis, we determined the IC50 value. The descriptive statistics to measure the percent of viable cells along with the regression equation were calculated using SPSS. Results: It has been shown that the methanol extract significantly impacted PC3 cell lines' capacity to survive. It was also determined that increasing the medication concentration resulted in a decrease in cell viability. The percentage of living cells was measured after being exposed to methanol extracts at concentrations of 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml, and found to be 95.13, 85.88, 76.12, 64.33, and 53.62 percent, respectively. With IC50 values of 199.488 g/ml, it was shown that methanolic petiole extracts of E. crassipes are cytotoxic. Using probit analysis, we determined that the regression equation is y = -0.2051x + 90.915, with an R2 value of 0.893. Conclusion: As a result of its chemotherapeutic properties, the E. crassipes petiole extract has the potential to be employed in therapeutic applications, with the ultimate goal of bettering prostate cancer management practices and clinical results by drastically lowering cell viability. The study's results may pave the way for fresh chemotherapeutic approaches to be developed for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) have several secondary metabolites that have medicinal value. These include sterols, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. In the current study, the methanolic petiole extract of E. crassipes was examined to determine its potential antiproliferative activity against Sloan Kettering Melanoma 5 (SK-Mel-5) cell lines. Eichhornia crassipes were obtained from the water bodies of Ezhikkara, Ernakulam, Kerala. The Soxhlet technique was used to produce the extract. Leaves, petioles, and roots were dried and pulverized before being analyzed phytochemically in a number of solvents. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure the extent to which various dosages of the extract inhibited cell proliferation, and the methanolic extract of petioles was chosen since it contained more anticancer components. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined by utilizing a probit model and the slope-gradient method of the regression equation. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) was used for the analysis. We examined the effects of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml of methanolic petiole extract. The data indicated that the methanol extract significantly reduced SK-Mel-5 cell viability. Cell growth inhibition increased with concentration but was shown to be relatively low at 100 g/ml, exhibiting 38.911% of inhibitory activity. The percentage of cell growth inhibition at 200 g/ml was 52.965%. The methanolic petiole extracts of E. crassipes were found to be cytotoxic with IC₅₀ values of 172.186 g/ml. Probit analysis was performed to obtain the regression equation. The in vitro study suggests that the methanol extract of the petiole of E. crassipes had modest antiproliferative action against SK-Mel-5 cells, a typical human melanocyte tumor cell line. The study findings shed light on the anticancer activity of E. crassipes, making it an appropriate source of drug-lead chemicals for the development of safer and cost-effective remedies for cutaneous ailments varying from rashes to awful melanoma.

The polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with increases in androgen, hyperinsulinemia, secretion of a high level of luteinizing hormone, weight gain, anovulation, cyst formation, etc. Metformin is the drug used for treating PCOS with like nausea, vomiting, etc. in order to prevent the side effect and to find a better cure, and then metformin the present drug was selected Cynodon. dactylon is commonly called as Arugampul, which is used for diabetes, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, etc. Materials and method: The animals were selected based upon the weight (125-150 gm) an oestrus cycle. 36 Wistars albino rat was taken and divided into six groups with each group six animals. Control group, Induced (PCOS) group, Referral (Metformin) group, Treatment group (C.dactylon) 500mg/kg , 1,000 mg/kg, 1,500 mg/kg. The animals were induced for PCOS first 21 days by giving Letrozole excluding the control group and examined for PCOS by vaginal smear. In the second 21 days, the animal was treated with the drug and Metformin, leaving the PCOS induced group. Results: There was a significant change with control and PCOS group, PCOS and drug & Metformin group. We were able to observe very high significant changes in lipid profile compared to hormonal and glucose profiles. Conclusion: The present study shows C. dactylon treats PCOS better than Metformin and bring backs the animals for normal condition.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a female reproductive defect with a prevalence rate of 2.2% to 26% in the world and Indian adolescents at a rate of 9.13%. The polycystic ovarian syndrome is a heterogeneous endocrine syndrome related to increase in the secretion of hyperandrogenemia with increasing risk of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hirsutism dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and finally leading to an endometrial tumor. The endocrine hormones are regulated by various factors like environment, photoperiod, ambient temperature, relative humidity availability of food, etc. Cynodon dactylon or Bermuda grass is seen all over the world. C. dactylon is a stoloniferous, hardy perennial grass, very much variable with long rapid growing, rooting at nodes, forming a dense tuft on the top of the soil.C.dactylon plant was collected and 100gm of plant powder was mixed with 1,000ml of distilled water and heated till boiling temperature. The mixture was filtered and lyophilization. All the animals were induced for PCOS by giving Letrozole with an oral feeding needle for 21 days and the vaginal smear was examined to confirm PCOS.From 22-42 days, the animals were treated with the drug and Metformin. The animals were divided with four groups as Control, Induced group, treatment group with 500 mg/kg (Cynodon dactylon ), and Referral group 100mg/kg (Metformin). After 24hr of the last dose, the animals were sacrificed. Blood and tissue were collected for analysis. IGF-1R. LEPTIN is a gene which mainly acts on the hypothalamus in regulating the gonadotropin release hormone and gonadotropin secretion it regulates the energy level and adipose tissue storage in the body. SIRT1 is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide which increases the insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance by modifying the insulin signal transduction pathway.The gene expression LEPTIN, IGF-1R, SIRT1 shows clearly, the reversal of the animal to normal condition is mainly due to the antihyperlipedemic and antidiabetic activity of the plant.

GC/MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Aqueous Extract of Cynodon Dactylon

Background: Naturally ripened fruits play a vital role in human nutrition. Under certain conditions, synthetic chemicals like calcium carbide (CaC ₂ ) and ethylene glycol (EG) are being freely used illegally in India and other countries for fruit ripening without serious concern on its toxic effects. This preclinical study evaluated the toxicity on different organs after the exposure of industrial-grade CaC ₂ and EG to the rats. Methods: Acute toxicity was induced by the oral administration of a single dose of chemicals to the rats, and their morbidity and mortality were monitored. For subacute study, different organs of animals were analyzed biochemically and histologically after the exposure of low doses of chemicals for 30 days. Results: At an acute dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of CaC ₂ , 85% of the animals were found dead within 14 days; however, no mortality was observed following EG administration. At subacute doses, RBC and hemoglobin levels were found to be declined (p < 0.01), whereas total WBC and platelet counts, especially lymphocytes, were elevated remarkably (p < 0.01). Total protein, albumin, and urea were also found to be increased (p < 0.01). Histopathological observations support the toxicity in rats at higher doses of CaC ₂ and EG. Conclusions: The study revealed that the artificial fruit-ripening agents like CaC ₂ and EG cause toxic effects on the internal organs of rats. The subsequent inflammatory response might have weakened the immune system. This in turn suggests the requisite for urgent measures to regulate the use of harmful synthetic agents in fruit ripening.

Purpose: Parents or primary caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have important role in early recognition of the disorder as well as in the management of the disorder. Knowledge, attitude and practice of primary caregivers towards children with ASD are important factors in promoting health and wellness of such children. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching regarding care of children with ASD on knowledge, attitude and practice among primary caregivers. Design/methodology/approach: Quasi-experimental research design with one group pre-test post-test was adopted. A total of 60 primary caregivers were selected through stratified random sampling technique. Video-assisted teaching was given to 60 primary caregivers. Data collection was done before and after the video-assisted teaching programme using structured questionnaire which consists of 57 questions. Findings: The result of the study showed that the post-test level of knowledge attitude and practice among primary caregivers of children with ASD was significantly high (p<0.0001) when compared to pre-test level by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The study finding revealed that video-assisted teaching was effective in enhancing the knowledge, developing a positive attitude and good practice among primary caregivers regarding care of children with ASD. Social implications: Findings of this study will help mental health nurses, psychologists, intellectual disability nurses, teachers, public health, social workers, etc. to know the importance of video-assisted teaching programme regarding care of children with ASD and to motivate the primary caregivers to participate in such teaching programme. The community mental health nurse can plan video-assisted teaching programme in a community regarding care of children with ASD. Originality/value: Results of this study indicate that the video-assisted teaching is effective and helps the primary caregivers to enhance the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of children with ASD. So continuous awareness in primary health centre and community area is necessary to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of primary caregivers.