Danylo Cherevatskyi

Contemporary research and development (R&D) increasingly faces a paradoxical situation: despite exponential growth in scientific publications and technological capabilities, innovation outcomes remain strongly constrained by rising costs and institutional bottlenecks. This paper addresses the question of how R&D efficiency can be substantially increased without proportional growth in investment, particularly under conditions of budgetary limitations and uneven access to advanced technologies. The study introduces a sociologically grounded framework for understanding artificial intelligence (AI) as an awakening mechanism for dormant scientific knowledge, conceptualized as "sleeping beauties"-research outputs that remain unnoticed for extended periods before gaining relevance. Rather than focusing on AI as a generator of entirely new knowledge, the paper emphasizes its role in systematically reinterpreting, recombining, and recontextualizing existing scientific results. Two complementary institutional strategies are analyzed. The first is a circular economy of knowledge, in which organizations reuse and reinterpret their own previously produced research outputs, transforming sunk costs into renewed sources of scientific and economic value. The second is the economy of co-optation, where research organizations appropriate external knowledge assets-particularly under Open Access regimes-without formal ownership or cooperation. While legally permissible and economically efficient, this strategy redistributes intellectual rents toward actors possessing superior analytical and organizational capacities. The paper argues that AI-enabled reinterpretation decouples innovation performance from proportional increases in experimental investment, but simultaneously introduces new forms of stratification within the scientific system. Inequality increasingly reflects disparities in analytical capability, institutional infrastructure, and access to AI, rather than differences in experimental resources alone. The findings contribute to the sociology of knowledge and innovation policy by demonstrating how AI reshapes institutional practices of R&D, intensifies competition over intellectual rents, and challenges existing policy assumptions regarding openness, collaboration, and equitable access to scientific progress.

The article explores the integrated relationship between the economic and energy dimensions of industrial performance, with a particular focus on the position of Ukraine’s industrial sector in the global context. Although major international institutions systematically publish extensive datasets – including industrial value added (World Bank) and industrial consumption of primary energy resources (IEA) – these two informational domains remain largely disconnected at the analytical level. The absence of a unified sector-specific indicator analogous to “energy intensity” for industry forms a significant gap in assessing cross-country industrial efficiency and structural competitiveness. The study proposes an approach to evaluating the economic–energy efficiency of national industrial systems by combining data on industrial value added with corresponding volumes of primary energy consumption. Using econometric methods with temporal and spatial resolution, the authors compare Ukraine with a wide range of world economies, including technological leaders. The results demonstrate that even in the pre-war year 2021, Ukraine exhibited one of the lowest levels of industrial energy efficiency globally. Such disproportions have critical implications for the country’s economic resilience and energy security, especially under wartime conditions marked by damaged energy infrastructure and limited access to fuel resources. The findings underline the necessity of profound industrial restructuring in Ukraine aimed at reducing energy intensity and improving the metabolic efficiency of industrial production. The proposed analytical framework can support the formulation of modern industrial policy and serve as a methodological basis for further interdisciplinary research at the intersection of industrial economics and energy studies.

This article investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the industrial economy, analyzing it from the perspective of two competing theories: disruptive and closing innovation. The research is highly relevant due to the significant growth in investments (Nvidia's capitalization surpassed $5 trillion in October 2025) and AI's influence on global industrial production. This is particularly crucial for Ukraine, given the prospects for the transfer of military-oriented AI into the civilian economy. The literature review identifies two main groups of academics: proponents (AI as the core of Industry 4.0) and critics (AI primarily automates existing tasks, potentially leading to "over-automation" and a decrease in GDP). This contradiction forms the basis for two competing hypotheses: AI is a Disruptive Innovation, which changes markets and creates new players. AI is a Closing Innovation, which merely improves existing products and strengthens the position of current market leaders. A comparative analysis of AI was conducted based on criteria such as the impact on the product, the customer, market dominance, and the institutional space. The study demonstrates that AI represents a complex innovative phenomenon that simultaneously exhibits characteristics of both types of technologies: - Closing Role: AI improves existing platforms and products of market giants (Microsoft Copilot, Google AI Overviews, Siri), thereby strengthening their dominance. - Disruptive Role: AI creates fundamentally new products (ChatGPT, Grok), attracts new customers, and shapes new specialized legislation. The dual nature of AI presents several challenges, notably the lack of economic theory and tools for quantitative assessment of its effects at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. A list of key scientific challenges requiring resolution is formulated: Defining the theoretical foundations of AI's micro-, meso-, and macro-level impact as both disruptive and closing technologies. Substantiating the assessment methodology and testing the hypothesis regarding AI's statistically significant impact. Identifying economic constraints, minimizing risks, and systemizing directions for stimulating AI adoption. Substantiating recommendations for updating Ukraine's national industrial policy, institutional regulation (including taxation), and ensuring the economic efficiency of AI utilization. Understanding the dual nature of AI is crucial for economic forecasting and strategizing. Although AI possesses powerful disruptive potential, its implementation is currently dominated by incumbent large companies, which does not lead to the "disruption" of their positions. Addressing the outlined challenges is necessary for the urgent actualization of Ukraine's industrial policy.

Investment decisions in extractive industries increasingly depend on the technological configuration of engineer-to-order (ETO) machinery. This study explores the role of ETO projects in reshaping investment logic within extractive industries. To strengthen conceptual framing, we explicitly distinguished between primary and secondary ETO within the multi-project investment structure. Special attention was given to secondary ETO—the adaptation of standardized equipment to specific geological conditions—which emerges as a critical component of multi-project investment strategies. We clarified that the novelty of the approach lies in treating secondary ETO as an embedded, corrective investment rather than a standalone engineering decision. In addition, we quantitatively assessed the impact of ETO-related expenditures within multi-project investment, using the net present value indicator. This study introduced a model that comprises both the base serial equipment and a custom ETO component, enabling the achievement of the designed performance parameters. To analyze sensitivity, we employed the Box–Wilson experimental design method. Results showed that ETO costs had no significant influence on the response function (i.e., the production volume required to reach breakeven), whereas the most critical factors were the marginal revenue and the project duration. Theoretically, this study reconceptualizes ETO not as an isolated manufacturing decision but as a functional component within broader investment planning. These results reinforce the conceptual distinction between primary and secondary ETO by demonstrating that corrective engineering adaptations embedded in multi-project structures do not alter the financial breakeven logic.

The monograph substantiates a strategic approach aimed at shaping the foundations of nationally rooted economic development in a hybrid system of "peace – war". The authors show that in modern conditions not only war, but also peace have acquired a hybrid character, both including military, informational, economic, financial, ideological, diplomatic and other components, as a result of which a new global hybrid reality of "peace – war" has emerged. The Russian-Ukrainian war, which is localized in the space of Ukraine, is essentially a confrontation between the main world players and has a global character. All this generates uncertainty and instability, and creates challenges and threats to economic security and development. Taking into account these circumstances, the monograph reveals the logical and historical conditionality and content of nationally rooted economic development as a local response to global economic shifts associated with increased unevenness of socio-economic development, and the aggravation of its contradictions, which leads to conflicts and wars. The authors prove that in such conditions, in order to ensure the stability and security of economic development, it is necessary to take care of its national rooting by creating an extensive system of value-added chains based on the processing of national raw materials and the use of Ukraine's scientific, technical and labor potential. Such a strategy combines internal inclusiveness relied on the mobilization of all internal factors, including not only physical, but also social capital as an endogenous source of economic growth, with external inclusiveness, which means the use of globalization to realize the interests of national socio-economic development. Based on the generalization of global experience and taking into account the specific conditions of Ukraine, the monograph reveals the mechanism and shows the guidelines of the national rooting of economic development. Priority tasks are structured to emphasize the key areas and economic activities, which promote the resilient functioning of the fuel and energy complex and the development of industry as the material basis of the entire economy. The other guidelines include digitalization, reconstruction of the agro-food system and transport infrastructure, adjustments to monetary policy, socialization of the economy, and transformation of the social and labor sphere. This approach favors proper macroeconomic conditions and endogenization, providing the sound institutional foundations and transforming public administration in accordance with the principle of nationally rooted development. Solving the above mentioned tasks creates a basis for a stable and secure post-war economic development. Such a strategy is the basis for the revival of economic sovereignty and can be applied in all economies that have suffered from the negative consequences of globalization, hence it becomes one of the components of the emerging new world order.

The article examines the current state and strategic prospects for the development of industrial cluster systems in Ukraine in the conditions of the war and post-war periods. Key institutional barriers, financial disparities and differences between the cluster policy of Ukraine and the European Union countries are analyzed. International experience is summarized, in particular the practices of smart specialization (S3), participation in the Horizon Europe, Euroclusters programs, etc. Examples of Ukrainian clusters that are already integrated into transnational projects are presented. Special attention is paid to substantiating the need to form a national cluster strategy, develop financial infrastructure and launch institutional support. Guidelines for the transition to the Industry 5.0 model with an emphasis on sustainability, innovation and social inclusion are determined.

Relevance of research. Sustainable Development Goal No. 12 refers to reducing the resource intensity of the economy by reducing the costs of material input in production chains. The famous German scientist Friedrich Schmidt-Blick proposed the concept of an ecological backpack as a characteristic of hidden material flows accompanying the entire life cycle of a product. A separate component of the backpack is the biotic part, which was heavy enough when, for example, horse traction was used in old mines. Food self-satisfaction of the staff based on the salary led to the fact that the consumption of food in the production process remained outside the analysis of the company's material flows. The purpose of the study is to prove/refute the validity of the hypothesis regarding the significant dependence of the biotic component of the material backpack on national traditions and the material income of workers of industrial enterprises. Research methods: mathematical statistics. The basis of research is long-term observation of food consumption in Ukraine and abroad, in particular, Poland and China. Main results. In the course of research, certain traditions characteristic of Ukrainian realities were revealed: consumption of food products by the average Ukrainian with a probability of 0.95 is 58.75±0.04 kg per month (698±0.5 kg per year); the structure of the consumer basket in Ukraine contains 33% – milk and dairy products, 15% – vegetables; 14% – bakery products and cereals, 11% – potatoes, 8% – meat and meat products; the average person in Ukraine consumes more food than recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (by approximately 5%); residents of rural areas consume more food than urban residents (by almost 6% – 57.9 kg per month versus 54.7 kg). It has been statistically proven that the annual volume of food consumption by residents of Ukraine (689 kg) is significantly greater than that of residents of Poland (456 kg) and, even more so, China (413 kg). National differences concerning food preferences have been revealed. Quantitative differences in the national consumption of food products by producers determine the different content of the material backpack of industrial products, which provides certain competitive advantages/disadvantages to the subjects of international market activity. In addition to the national traditions of food consumption, there are laws that determine the influence of the average per capita household equivalent total income on the weight of the food basket. On the basis of official statistical data, a mathematical dependence of the logarithmic form of the amount of food consumption on the average per capita income of a household member is proposed.

The object of research: the “backpack factors”, which are five products: biotic materials; abiotic materials; water; air; soil that has been moved. Investigated problem: to develop a regression model of an ecological backpack that considers the statistical significance of factors for Ukrainian iron ore mining enterprises. The main scientific results: by experimental investigations were conducted following a 2(5-2) matrix plan, consisting of 8 experiments, was determined that 4 factors are statistically significant, excluding the first factor, biotic materials. The most substantial influence on the response function is attributed to air, which includes both mine ventilation flows and compressed air used during iron ore mining. Water represents the second most influential factor, followed by the volume of displaced rock, and finally, abiotic factors, particularly electricity and fuel. Hence, iron ore mining operations essentially function as air processing and water disposal enterprises, highlighting their prominence within this specific domain. The area of practical use of the research results: In line with the principles of the case method, our research is conducted using a real operational enterprise Sukha Balka PJSC located in the city of Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine. Data collection is achieved through a method of multi-year monitoring of the company's activities spanning from 2000 to 2021, which forms the basis for our case study. In the future, it would be prudent to develop ecological backpack models tailored to open-pit iron ore mining enterprises. Innovative technological product: Calculating MIpS 2.0 from Material Flow Analys (MFA) field. Scope of the innovative technological product: The obtained regression relationship enables the prediction of the ecological backpack's fullness based on input factor values.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of functioning of two sectors of the economy: exterior (as a set of business units belonging to Ukrainian parent companies, but operating in the territory of other countries) and foreign (as a set of business units operating in the Ukrainian territory, but belonging to parent companies of other countries). The need for this study arises in the context of the requirements for ensuring the integrity and transparency of the market (in particular, the energy market) in the context of the spread of the practice of applying co-optation economy techniques. Based on the generalization of the essential characteristics of the exterior and foreign sectors, original terms are proposed for business units inherent in these sectors: daughter firm and daughter-in-law firm. Due to this, possible threats to the market`s transparency caused by the influence of subsidiaries and daughter-in-law firms are considered, in particular against the background of the use of co-optation economy techniques. It has been determined that the main motives for the modern spread of the practice of introducing daughter-in-law firms into a certain national economy are the hunting for technologies, information, overcoming barriers to market access, as well as obtaining certain subsidies that violate the conditions of fair competition in the market. This necessitates precautionary measures at the legislative level. In particular, this concerns the current EU regulatory act on the integrity and transparency of the wholesale energy market (REMIT), which requires improvements that can prevent the risks of loss of market transparency and violation of integrity by business entities using co-optation economy techniques.

The purpose of the work is to formulate the main provisions of the co-opting economy and detail them using the case method in the field of energy. Elizabeth Watkins and David Stark from Columbia University (USA) put forward the concept of Möbius organizational forms. Unlike traditional forms in business, Möbius forms do not Make, Buy or Cooperate, they Co-opt assets that do not belong to them. In 2019, the author of this work proposed the term "paraphernalia", which reflects the essence of the theory, but the name is more suitable for the Global Informality Project online encyclopedia, in which it was published. The co-opting economics is a social science about the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services with non-violent, but non-cooperative appropriation of assets belonging to others to satisfy one's own needs. The original formula of the co-opting economy is: money-commodity-money with a dash and an additional commodity (good) received for free, which is produced with the help of assets belonging to other owners. Theoretical studies were carried out using the case method. The effect of the co-opting economy is demonstrated on the example of the Sukha Balka mine (Kryvyi Rih). The mine has shafts hoists. In the process of moving loads, hoist generate electricity that is recovered and fed back into the network. The author introduces the conditional category "Mechanics", whose asset is mine hoist, and the category "Energeticians", whose asset is power distribution networks. The additional energy resource received by the Mechanics flows through the network to the Energeticians and becomes their property. There is a co-optation of assets that do not belong to Energeticians, with the receipt of a product that they use to meet their own needs. Such a virtual power plant does not belong to any energy company, but helps it to overcome the shortage of electricity during times of maximum load. Here, too, energy companies adhere to the economy of co-optation, because the generating assets they use are not their property. By adopting legislative acts on the introduction of the active consumer category, the state indirectly contributes to the development of the co-optation economy.