Oleksandr Kholodiuk

The theoretical foundations of applying pattern recognition systems to the technical diagnostics of diesel engines are considered. Approaches to the formation of a diagnostic feature space, assessment of feature informativeness, and classification of technical conditions under complete and incomplete a priori information are systematized. The main types of recognition systems and the specific features of their application in diesel engine condition assessment are characterized. The mathematical foundations of parametric estimation using the maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian approach are presented. Relationships for univariate and multivariate normal probability density functions, estimates of the mean vector and covariance matrix, as well as the use of the Mahalanobis distance for evaluating the distance of a feature vector from the class center are given. It is shown that the effectiveness of technical condition recognition is determined not by the number of monitored parameters, but by their informativeness, discriminating ability, and the possibility of reliable measurement under real operating conditions. Using fuel pump plunger pairs as an example, the selection of the most informative diagnostic feature and the elimination of parameters that do not provide clear separation between serviceable and unserviceable conditions are substantiated. For diesel engine diagnostics, fault classes are formed for the fuel supply, lubrication and cooling systems, as well as for the crank mechanism and valve timing mechanism. The Bayesian decision rule, conditional risk, and the criterion for minimizing the probability of misclassification are considered. The proposed approach can be used as a methodological basis for developing automated systems for the technical diagnostics of diesel engines. Its practical application makes it possible to formalize the procedure for assigning the current engine condition to a predefined class and to improve the validity of diagnostic decisions based on a set of measured features.

Fertilizers play a key role in increasing soil fertility and crop yields. They provide plants with the necessary mineral nutrients that are critical for their growth, development, and productivity. Plants absorb nutrients in the form of ions, so in order for mineral fertilizers to become available, they must undergo a dissociation process, breaking down into cations and anions. The article analyzes modern approaches to the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in agriculture as a key means of increasing crop productivity. The main problems associated with existing fertilizer application technologies are identified, which include inefficient use of resources, insufficient attention to agrochemical soil parameters, and lack of adaptation to local conditions. The design features of deep cultivators and tools for simultaneous application of solid mineral fertilizers of domestic and foreign production are considered. Their advantages and disadvantages in operation are noted. It is noted that the implementation of layer-by-layer application of mineral fertilizers by the working bodies of soil-tillage machines can be achieved by using: combined soil-tillage-seeding units with dispensers for individual types of fertilizers; separate dosing systems for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds and controlled precision farming systems, which will allow changing the application rate based on the field fertility map. The review confirms that the use of modern technologies and techniques, such as precision farming and combined methods of fertilizer application, allows to increase the nutrient absorption rate, optimize agrotechnical processes and reduce the harmful impact on the environment.

Today, there is a growing trend of transforming scientific research and development into innovative products that are subsequently sold on the domestic or global market. Products created by agricultural scientific or educational institutions are the result of creative collective intellectual activity, which is generally funded by the state budget. Therefore, such scientific products as "plant varieties" have a specific nature, represent the state’s scientific heritage, and should ensure Ukraine’s food security. This study presents the results of research on the state of intellectual property protection in the seed industry, an analysis of the existing regulatory framework, and a review of global experience in obtaining royalties as a mandatory payment for the use of intellectual property rights to plant varieties. The analysis of compliance with legal requirements in the field of seed production and the receipt of fair compensation for the use of new plant varieties has revealed the absence of clear rules for the state registration of license agreements and control over their implementation by domestic and foreign agricultural producers. According to the authors, an important marker for regulating this process is the establishment of a clear mechanism for royalty payments and the determination of fair royalty rates based on the actual cost of seed and planting material usage. As a result, these funds could be directed toward creating conditions that stimulate the development of competitive and high-quality plant varieties and the growth of the domestic agricultural market. Introducing a legal requirement for royalty payments on the use of varietal seeds for personal needs in regulatory acts, as well as intensifying Ukraine’s accession to the Seed Certification Schemes, will facilitate international trade in crop groups such as clover and similar species, grasses and legumes, and vegetables. Additionally, it will help develop a transparent mechanism for royalty collection. The establishment of a state order for the creation of new plant varieties of domestic selection, the financing of state examinations of plant varieties, and state programs to support seed production will contribute to the development of Ukrainian breeding and scientific activities.

The world we live in is constantly changing, and these changes affect all aspects of our lives, including agriculture. Population increase, climate change, urbanization and increased consumer demands for food quality and safety create new challenges for agriculture. That is why technological innovations in the field of storage and processing of agricultural products are becoming particularly relevant. The article discusses in detail the role of digital technologies in the transformation of the agro-industrial sector. Special attention is paid to the analysis of such innovative solutions as precision agriculture, automation of production processes, use of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. These technologies make it possible to optimize resources, reduce the impact of the human factor, increase productivity and ensure high quality, significant emphasis is placed on the implementation of modern methods of monitoring justified climatic conditions, the use of drones, sensors and specialized software solutions for plant protection and yield forecasting. It is shown how these approaches contribute to a more rational use of water and land resources, as well as minimizing the negative impact on the environment. The article also contains an analysis of the main challenges that arise during the implementation of digital solutions in the agricultural sector. Among them are high initial investments, necessary improvement of digital literacy of farmers and adaptation of legislative norms. At the same time, the prospects of digitalization are highlighted, in particular, its role in ensuring global food security, reducing product losses at all stages of production, and achieving the goals of sustainable development. Thus, the work emphasizes the need to integrate innovative approaches in agriculture as a key condition for solving modern problems and ensuring the long-term development of the industry.

Науково-практичний посібник щодо процесів заготівлі силосу та технічних засобів для їх реалізації розроблено в рамках виконання науково-дослідних робіт у відділі механіки та автоматики біотехнічних систем у тваринництві Інституту механіки та автоматики агропромислового виробництва Національної академії аграрних наук України (ІМА АПВ НААН). В посібнику висвітлено процес заготівлі силосу, вимоги щодо окремих операцій та технічні засоби для їх реалізації. Особливу увагу звернуто на іноваційні способи та засоби заготівлі силосу, а саме заготівлю силосу в плівкових рукавах, в тюках. Вказані процеси притаманні господарствам з поголів’ям вкликої рогатої худоби (ВРХ) до 100-150 голів. Видання розраховано на керівників та інженерно-технічних працівників підприємств агропромислового спрямування різних організаційно-правових форм господарювання, науково-технічних працівників, студентів технічних спеціальностей сільськогосподарських вузів.

Науково-практичний посібник щодо заготівлі стеблових кормів в умовах зміни клімату розроблено в рамках виконання науково-дослідних робіт у відділі механіки та автоматики біотехнічних систем у тваринництві Інституту механіки та автоматики агропромислового виробництва Національної академії аграрних наук України (ІМА АПВ НААН). Наведено вимоги щодо виконання операцій заготівлі стеблових кормів. Описано як загальновживані, так і іноваційні високопродуктивні технічні засоби виробництва відомих іноземних фірм. Представлено приклади використання сорго, високоврожайної, посухостійкої культури призаготівлі силосу. Посібник призначений для використання у процесах науково-технічного обґрунтування, проектування та виконання робіт заготівлі кормів. Матеріали можуть бути використані керівниками та інженерно-технічним персоналом сільськогосподарських підприємств, проектних, конструкторських і науково-дослідних установ.

The article considers the problem of increasing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the mechanization means of block-portion separation of stem feed, which implements the principle of adapting the operation of the actuator hydraulic motors to the conditions of their load. The object of the study is the cutting mechanism of the stem feed loader, used in the technological processes of harvesting and issuing stem feed from trench storage in a block-portion mode. During the technical analysis, factors were identified that limit the efficiency of its use. In particular, the design of the standard hydraulic drive does not allow for full consideration of the unevenness of the load during the process of cutting and feeding the forage mass, which leads to increased energy consumption, instability, shutdown of mechanisms, and increased wear of moving parts. The density and moisture content of stem feed are non-uniform in volume, so that the cutting force can vary fairly. If this factor is not considered, the system will consume more energy. To solve this problem, a mathematical model of an adaptive hydraulic system was developed. The leading technical solution was the introduction of a mechanism for automatic regulation of the flow rate of the working fluid in real time according to the flow load on the drive, which allows the optimal operating mode of the system to be achieved. During the study, mathematical modeling and simulations were carried out. As a result, the power of the cutting mechanism drive was reduced to 5–6 kW. Compared with traditional approaches, the proposed adaptive system demonstrates better sensitivity to changes in the resistance of the environment and a quicker response to dynamic oscillations in the hydromechanical circuit.

Інновації виступають ключовим фактором розвитку сільського господарства в Україні та у світі загалом. Глобалізація та динаміка світової економіки вимагають ефективних інноваційних стратегій для забезпечення конкурентоспроможності аграрного сектору України. У статті представлено пошук, аналіз та пропозиції стратегій щодо розвитку сільського господарства в майбутньому з залученням інноваційних рішень.

One of the main principles of the precision farming system is to increase the accuracy of agrotechnical operations with the help of high-precision equipment and data collection technologies. Remote sensing uses satellite and aerospace means to obtain images and data about the state of plants, soil, and other agricultural parameters. This information is used to analyze and make decisions about the input of resources in specific areas of the fields. In today's world, the problem of security on agricultural land is becoming increasingly important due to the spread of explosive devices and pollution. The development of an effective system for remote detection of these threats is becoming an urgent task today, which would ensure safety and stability in the work of agro-industrial enterprises, reducing the risk of negative consequences for civilians and the environment. It is noted that remote sensing of the earth's surface in the context of the element of precision agriculture allows for maximization of the use of resources and ensures uniform and optimal cultivation of crops. This leads to an increase in the quality of products and a decrease in crop losses due to more efficient management of agrotechnical processes. Remote sensing of the soil surface can be one of the complementary methods in the search and detection of explosive devices, mines, shells, etc. It has been established that for these purposes it is possible to effectively use unmanned aerial vehicles for agricultural purposes from the companies XAG and DJI, which should be modularly equipped with optical-electronic means with a 30-fold optical magnification of surveillance objects, a multispectral camera, a thermal imager, a ground-penetrating radar (non-linear radar), which surveys areas of the earth to detect landmines by determining their position on a 3D map or orthophoto plan with high accuracy of ±2.5 cm and creating maps of minefields and a ground station, which provides manual and automatic drone operation modes with the ability to program the flight path based on GPS/RTK coordinates, is used for map creation and drone control. A system of remote detection of explosive devices and pollution is proposed with the possibility of expanding the search for the nomenclature of dangerous objects by installing optical-electronic means, a thermal imager, radar, and artificial machine vision. It is noted that the developed method of mapping the territory of chemical pollution, which includes the control of an unmanned aircraft from a ground radio control station and the conduct of chemical (radiation) reconnaissance of the studied territory, is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle is performed at a fixed altitude, during which measurements are synchronously carried out: coordinates, heights relative to terrain surfaces, and radiation power values. At the second stage, the unmanned aerial vehicle performs sounding of elevations and depressions of the terrain, folds of the roofs of buildings, places of maxima, and danger limits. The developed system will increase the efficiency of remotely detecting the locations of explosive devices, improve the accuracy and reliability of mapping areas of ground radiation localization, and determine its intensity in areas of radiation pollution, as well as mark the boundaries of pollution on the ground. Additionally, digital marking of the location of explosive devices and mines, as well as marking the territory of radiation pollution on the ground, facilitates the quicker search for contaminated areas for decontamination and prevents unauthorized people from entering these territories.

В роботі наведено результати досліджень щодо сучасних рішень та напрямків розвитку основних елементів системи точного землеробства. До них можна віднести системи позиціонування, різні датчики для отримання інформації про стан ґрунту, рослин, навколишнього середовища з метою обґрунтованого прийняття раціональних управлінських рішень. Відмічено, що перспективним напрямком розвитку сільськогосподарських секторів є впровадження візуальних технологій, таких як розпізнавання зображень, камери, робототехніка тощо.