Ihor Nishchakov

The article considers the substantiation and selection of the main parameters of a mobile charging station intended to support the operation of electrified machinery under agricultural production conditions. The relevance of the study is determined by the gradual expansion of electric and hybrid machinery in modern agriculture, including compact electric tractors, robotic platforms, unmanned aerial vehicles, battery-powered tools and various types of auxiliary electrical equipment. For agricultural enterprises, an important issue is not only the availability of reliable charging infrastructure, but also the possibility of transporting it directly to fields, farms and other locations where technological operations are performed. A calculation scheme of a mobile charging station is proposed, which includes a battery energy storage unit, photovoltaic modules, an inverter-charger, a charge controller and the possibility of backup connection to the electrical grid or a diesel generator. Such a combined configuration increases the autonomy and flexibility of the charging system and makes it possible to use renewable energy directly at the place of operation. Based on the accepted daily energy demand of electrified agricultural machinery, the required capacity of the battery unit, the installed power of the photovoltaic system, the power of the charging equipment and the expected reduction in electricity consumption from an external source were determined. The calculations show that, to satisfy a daily energy demand of 45 kWh, it is reasonable to use a battery unit with a nominal capacity of 76.8 kWh, charging equipment with a rated power of 22–25 kW and a photovoltaic system with an installed capacity of 8 kW. With an average daily specific photovoltaic output of 3.2 kWh/(kW·day), the expected daily electricity generation reaches 25.6 kWh, which can cover approximately 51% of the station’s energy demand. During 180 days of seasonal operation, the reduction in electricity consumption from an external source may reach 4608 kWh. The obtained results provide a basis for the further design and optimization of mobile charging stations for agricultural applications. The proposed approach can contribute to increasing the autonomy of electrified machinery, reducing dependence on stationary power infrastructure, lowering operating energy costs and expanding the use of renewable energy sources in agricultural production.

Increasing the operational reliability of agricultural machinery components operating under conditions of intensive abrasive wear is a priority task of modern mechanical engineering. Surface plastic deformation using hydropulse devices is an effective method of forming a hardened layer, however, the stability of this process is significantly limited by the degradation of the geometric shape of the working tool. The article analyzes the dynamics of the interaction of impact tips of various configurations (sphere, cone, trapezoid) with the treated surface. The evolution of the tool shape change under conditions of high-frequency cyclic loading and its influence on the energy parameters of the impact are considered. The study is based on the method of mathematical modeling of viscoelastic systems based on the Kelvin-Voigt model, which allows describing the hydropulse drive as a parametric system with a built-in pressure pulse generator. In the course of the work, mathematical dependencies were determined for estimating the force of impact interaction, which took into account the elastic-plastic response of the part and the involutely small deformation of the tip. The kinematic characteristics of the piston-striker were calculated, in particular the maximum speed at the moment of contact and the rebound parameters. The use of the “elastic-concentrated model” of the energy carrier was justified to minimize the dimensions of the device while maintaining a high pulse frequency (up to 100 Hz). It was established that the use of the refined mathematical model allows adapting the processing modes to increase the wear resistance of agricultural machinery parts by 1.5–2 times. The proposed approach, combining a refined mathematical model with adaptive control of the energy and geometric parameters of hydropulse loading, ensures the predictable formation of a hardened surface layer with enhanced wear resistance and stable properties over a wide range of operating conditions.

The paper presents the results of mathematical and simulation modeling of heat and mass transfer during infrared (IR) micronization of soybean grain. A physico-mathematical model was developed that accounts for the absorption of radiant energy in the surface layer, non-stationary heat conduction within the grain mass, and temperature-dependent moisture diffusion. The process was described using a system of differential equations in spherical coordinates that characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature and moisture. Boundary conditions were formulated based on the energy balance at the grain surface, including absorbed infrared flux, convective heat exchange, and evaporation losses. Numerical implementation was carried out using the implicit finite-difference method in the Python environment with NumPy and SciPy libraries. A simulation model was created that enables variation of structural and operating parameters (heat-flux density, irradiation duration, grain-layer thickness) and prediction of process outcomes. The results include calculated distributions of temperature and moisture in the grain under various processing conditions. It was established that at a heat-flux density of 20–25 kW/m², the central grain temperature reaches 150 ± 5 °C within 80–90 s, ensuring effective inactivation of antinutritional compounds without protein degradation. The average relative deviation between simulated and experimental data did not exceed 6 %, confirming the reliability of the proposed model. The simulation tool provides visualization of thermal and moisture fields and enables determination of optimal operating parameters with regard to energy efficiency and product quality. The developed model can be applied for the design of infrared processing equipment, optimization of operating regimes, and creation of automated control systems for high-protein raw materials.

Diagnostics and forecasting of the resource is one of the most important factors in managing the efficiency and operational reliability of agricultural machinery. Increasing the requirements for the quality of technical maintenance requires improving approaches to assessing the condition of the engine, which is considered as a system of series-connected elements without redundancy. The purpose of the article is to analyze existing methods for non-disassembly diagnostics of auto-tractor diesel engines and to justify the feasibility of using the pattern recognition method for small deviations of parameters to predict the residual resource. The research methods are based on the analysis of the theory of similarity and dimensions, as well as methods of mathematical statistics and probability theory. The laws of failure distribution (normal, Weibull, exponential, Rayleigh, gamma distribution) and their application to various types of wear are considered in detail. The research found that classical statistical methods, in particular the normal distribution law, require a large amount of testing, which complicates their use for operational forecasting. The results of the analysis allowed us to substantiate the effectiveness of the pattern recognition method, which allows us to record hidden changes in structural parameters within the tolerance range. The proposed approach allows us to reduce the amount of computational work and increase the accuracy of individual forecasting of the resource of a particular unit. The results of the work will be useful for engineering and technical workers of the agro-industrial complex in solving the problems of reducing the variability of the resource of engines and their systems, providing the possibility of prompt detection of pre-failure states based on small deviations of parameters for more accurate forecasting of the durability of equipment. The materials of the scientific article are based on the results of the initiative scientific topics 0122U002187 and 0122U002135

Today, there is a growing trend of transforming scientific research and development into innovative products that are subsequently sold on the domestic or global market. Products created by agricultural scientific or educational institutions are the result of creative collective intellectual activity, which is generally funded by the state budget. Therefore, such scientific products as "plant varieties" have a specific nature, represent the state’s scientific heritage, and should ensure Ukraine’s food security. This study presents the results of research on the state of intellectual property protection in the seed industry, an analysis of the existing regulatory framework, and a review of global experience in obtaining royalties as a mandatory payment for the use of intellectual property rights to plant varieties. The analysis of compliance with legal requirements in the field of seed production and the receipt of fair compensation for the use of new plant varieties has revealed the absence of clear rules for the state registration of license agreements and control over their implementation by domestic and foreign agricultural producers. According to the authors, an important marker for regulating this process is the establishment of a clear mechanism for royalty payments and the determination of fair royalty rates based on the actual cost of seed and planting material usage. As a result, these funds could be directed toward creating conditions that stimulate the development of competitive and high-quality plant varieties and the growth of the domestic agricultural market. Introducing a legal requirement for royalty payments on the use of varietal seeds for personal needs in regulatory acts, as well as intensifying Ukraine’s accession to the Seed Certification Schemes, will facilitate international trade in crop groups such as clover and similar species, grasses and legumes, and vegetables. Additionally, it will help develop a transparent mechanism for royalty collection. The establishment of a state order for the creation of new plant varieties of domestic selection, the financing of state examinations of plant varieties, and state programs to support seed production will contribute to the development of Ukrainian breeding and scientific activities.

Інновації виступають ключовим фактором розвитку сільського господарства в Україні та у світі загалом. Глобалізація та динаміка світової економіки вимагають ефективних інноваційних стратегій для забезпечення конкурентоспроможності аграрного сектору України. У статті представлено пошук, аналіз та пропозиції стратегій щодо розвитку сільського господарства в майбутньому з залученням інноваційних рішень.