Nanik Hidayatik

Background: Bali cattle are the backbone of smallholder beef production in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia, yet their reproductive efficiency is constrained by long dry seasons, poor-quality forage and postpartum uterine disease. Objective: This review synthesises published evidence on two linked interventions: probiotic-based feed processing and the management of endometritis in Bali cattle under Kupang conditions. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using Indonesian and international journals, proceedings and theses indexed in Garuda, DOAJ, PubMed Central and university repositories. Sources were screened for relevance to Bali cattle, dryland NTT production systems and bovine endometritis, and findings were synthesised qualitatively. Results: Probiotic fermentation of local fibrous feeds (kume grass, rice straw, crop residues) consistently raised crude protein and lowered crude fibre. In a Kupang feeding trial, hydrolysed kume hay with probiotic additives raised daily gain from 0.38 to 0.70 kg/head. Field data from Kupang Regency show a pregnancy rate of only 45%; reproductive disorders affected 58% of Bali cows in a large field survey, and endometritis accounted for about 8% of disorder cases in another. Standard therapy relies on intrauterine antibiotics, povidone-iodine or Lugol's solution, and PGF2α, while lactic acid bacteria (LAB) given intravaginally or intrauterine are an emerging, antibiotic-sparing option. Conclusion: Combining probiotic-fermented dry-season feed with early postpartum examination and PGF2α-based endometritis therapy is the most practical path to shorter calving intervals in Kupang. Controlled trials of probiotics and uterine LAB in Bali cows are still lacking.

Background: Infection of Entamoeba (amoebiasis) in the proboscis monkey ( Nasalis larvatus ), a Bornean endemic and endangered species of non‐human primates (NHPs), has not been reported in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aimed to identify Entamoeba from captive proboscis monkeys at Surabaya Zoo, Indonesia. Method: Twenty fecal samples were collected from captive proboscis monkeys in the study area. Fecal samples were examined through coprological and molecular methods. Findings: The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. by coprological and molecular techniques was 90% (18/20) and 100% (20/20), respectively, with two species identified: E. coli and E. moshkovskii . Molecular analysis confirmed Entamoeba spp. and E. coli infection, which have high genetic similarity to isolates previously reported in European countries and Asia. Conclusion: This study provides the first documentation of Entamoeba spp., E. coli , and E. moshkovskii from the captive proboscis monkeys in Indonesia. This data supports ex situ health management and assesses potential cross‐species transmission risks.

Background and Aim: Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica remains a major parasitic disease affecting ruminant livestock, leading to substantial economic losses through decreased productivity, liver condemnation, and mortality, while also posing a zoonotic threat. The prolonged and indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics has contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant parasite populations, emphasizing the urgent need for alternative and sustainable control strategies. Medicinal plants rich in bioactive phytochemicals have gained attention as potential natural anthelmintic agents. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) contains tannins and catechins with antiparasitic properties, whereas turmeric (Curcuma longa) is rich in curcuminoids known to disrupt parasite metabolism and structural integrity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the combined ovicidal and anthelmintic activities of ethanolic extracts of green tea and turmeric against F. gigantica under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Adult worms and eggs of F. gigantica were collected from naturally infected cattle. Six treatment groups were established, including physiological saline as the negative control, nitroxynil 10% as the positive control, and four combinations of green tea and turmeric extracts at different concentrations. Ovicidal activity was evaluated based on egg degeneration after 16 days of incubation, whereas adulticidal activity was assessed through worm mortality at multiple exposure times. Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining and ultrastructural evaluation using scanning electron microscopy were performed to identify tissue and tegumental alterations. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The combined extracts demonstrated concentration- and time-dependent ovicidal and anthelmintic activities against F. gigantica. The highest extract concentration produced the greatest percentage of egg degeneration, characterized by eggshell rupture, membrane damage, abnormal morphology, and failure of embryonic development. Adult worm mortality increased progressively with exposure time, and complete mortality was observed at prolonged exposure periods in all extract-treated groups. Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses revealed marked tegumental disruption, spine deformation, erosion of the oral and ventral suckers, rupture of the intestinal lumen, and surface exfoliation in treated worms. Although nitroxynil induced more rapid effects, the combined extracts exhibited substantial antiparasitic activity at higher concentrations and longer exposure times. Conclusion: Combined ethanolic extracts of green tea and turmeric exhibited significant ovicidal and anthelmintic activities against F. gigantica under in vitro conditions. The findings suggest that these plant-derived extracts may serve as promising natural alternatives for controlling fasciolosis and warrant further phytochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation to confirm their efficacy, safety, and practical applicability in livestock systems. Keywords: anthelmintic activity, Camellia sinensis, Curcuma longa, Fasciola gigantica, fasciolosis, medicinal plants, ovicidal activity, phytochemicals.

Background: Cigarettes are tobacco products processed with or without additives and are known to contain addictive substances that pose serious health risks to individuals and the public. Inhaled cigarette smoke directly stimulates the activation of macrophage cells in the respiratory tract. Among the affected cells, type II alveolar cells which produce pulmonary surfactant to reduce alveolar surface tension are particularly vulnerable to smoke-induced damage. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of conventional cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor exposure on the number of alveolar macrophages and type II alveolar cells in male mice (Mus musculus). Method: A total of 28 male mice were randomly divided into seven groups. The control group (C) was exposed to ambient air only. Groups A1, A2, and A3 were exposed to 1, 2, and 3 conventional cigarettes per day, respectively, while groups B1, B2, and B3 were exposed to 0.7 mL, 1.3 mL, and 2 mL of e-liquid vapor per day, respectively. All exposures were conducted for 36 consecutive days. Results: A significant difference (pConclusion: Both conventional cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor increase alveolar macrophage counts and reduce type II alveolar cell numbers compared to controls. Although both exposures pose health risks, e-cigarette vapor appears to cause milder pulmonary effects than conventional cigarette smoke.

Broiler are popular meat-producing birds in Indonesia because they contain high levels of animal protein. Apart from being used in the treatment of infectious diseases, antibiotics are also used as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has been prohibited, a natural substitute for AGP is katapang leaves (Terminalia catappa L.). This study aims to determine the effect of administering katapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa L.) on the number and type of leukocytes in broiler. This study used 24 Cobb strain broiler which were divided into four treatment groups, each group consisting of six replications. The treatment groups were P0 = only given 1% CMC-Na solution, P1 = Katapang leaf extract solution with 5% concentration, P2 = Ketapang leaf extract solution with 10% concentration, P3 = Katapang leaf extract solution with 15% concentration. The treatment is given orally with a syringe, given to chickens aged 21–35 days. At the end of the study, 2 ml–3 ml of blood is taken from the brachial vein. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test

Pendem Village, Ngariboyo District, Magetan Regency is one of the villages that has the potential for cattle farming. However, cattle breeders in Pendem Village have problems, namely the high incidence of repeated mating in females mated through artificial insemination (AI) and the lack of availability of animal feed in the dry season. The solutions offered in this activity are (1) increasing the knowledge of BUMDes Tirto Mulyo Pendem cattle breeders about cattle reproductive disorders and (2) processing agricultural waste as animal feed in Pendem Village. The output target to be achieved is to increase the understanding of breeders regarding the reproduction of beef cattle and how to process it by making haylage and fermenting agricultural waste. The method used to achieve these output targets is through 2 stages, namely counseling and training. Based on the results of the pre- and post-test, it shows that there is an increase in the knowledge and abilities of breeders related to reproduction and processing of feed derived from agricultural waste, detection of estrus in female cattle, reporting on reproductive health disorders in cattle, causes and symptoms of reproductive disorders in female cattle, the importance of vaccination and animal health programs, cleanliness of pens, cleanliness of individual cattle and fermentation of feed shows an increase in participants who are very knowledgeable from around 0% - 15% to around 4% - 20.7%, it is expected to support the productivity of beef cattle in Pendem Village.

Background: Behavioral studies are crucial for ex situ conservation, as animals must exhibit their natural behavior as one of the principles of animal welfare. To achieve this, the behavior of animals in captivity must be compared with the behavior of animals residing in their natural habitats to ensure that they live naturally. Aim: This study aimed to describe the behavior of female Tarsius spectrumgurskyae in captivity to allow comparisons with wild individuals. Methods: The subjects of this study were three adult females of T. spectrumgurskyae observed for 15 months in a captive breeding facility at the Primate Research Center (PRC) of IPB University, Bogor. Results: The female T. spectrumgurskyae spent most of their time moving (45.55%) or resting (36.52%). The grooming behavior of female tarsiers (6.52%), including auto grooming and allogrooming, was also recorded. The T. spectrumgurskyae reported urination (4.11%), sexual behavior (3.58%), eating (2.25%), vocalizing (0.90%), drinking (0.30%), and defecating (0.24%). T. spectrumgurskyae consumed more crickets (73.26%) than Hong Kong caterpillars (19.02%). Because the captive breeding facility was a semi-open cage, they could still prey on wild insects, such as flying white ants, moths, lizards, or spiders coming to their cages (7.72%). Conclusion: Based on these results, we confirmed that T. spectrumgurskyae could express its natural behavior in a captive breeding environment. However, some activity budgets, including locomotion and resting, were greater in this study than in the natural habitats due to the food source availability. Modifications to animals’ environments or changes in feeding methods may increase activity and behavioral diversity to more closely emulate the wild population.

Background and Aim: Phenolic tannins, which are ubiquitous in plants, exhibit diverse biological activities and have drawn significant attention for their potential impact on ruminant nutrition and health. Although phenolic tannins have beneficial and detrimental effects on rumen fermentation, their precise influence remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of varying doses of green tea extract (GTE) on rumen fermentation parameters through an in vitro trial using sheep rumen liquids. Materials and Methods: A 4 × 2 factorial design was used to test the effect of 4 different doses of GTE treatment (0, 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg) in 2 different in vitro runs on degradability, fermentation profiles, and gas production using the in vitro Hohenheim Gas Test method. Results: Across running times, the GTE-treated diet did not affect (p > 0.05) dry matter degradability % and organic matter degradability %, pH, ammonia (NH3-N, mg/dL), 24 h total gas production (tGP 24h, mL), and acetate-to-propionate ratio (A: P), but it reduced (p < 0.05) tGP 6 h compared with GTE-0 (control diet without GTE). GTE treatment tended to reduce (p < 0.1) methane (CH4, % LEL) and total volatile Fatty Acids (tVFA, mM). Across GTE treatment, the 1st in vitro run had higher (p < 0.001) tGP 6–24 h and pH, but lower (p < 0.001) tVFA and A: P in comparison with the 2nd in vitro run. Conclusion: GTE treatment tends to decrease CH4 output in rumen without affecting degradability, tGP, and most fermentation profiles, except for a tendency to reduce tVFA. Keywords: Camellia sinensis, Garut sheep, green tea extract, in vitro.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum) in drinking water on the hematological profile of laying quail. In a completely randomized design (CRD), one hundred and twenty laying quail were randomly allocated to four treatments, with six replicates of five quail each. The treatment drink water are as follows, the control P0 (0%), 1% garlic extract (P1), 2% garlic extract (P2) and 4% garic extract (P3). Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The parameters measure were; the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Blood samples from each quail were collected to analyze the hematological parameters. The result of hematological data showed that supplementation of garlic extract in drinking water had a significant effect (P less than 0.05) on hemoglobin levels, but did not have a significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on erythrocyte, hematocrit, lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte levels. Meanwhile, the hemoglobin levels themselves showed that treatment P2 (2%) had a significant effect compared to other treatments. Based on clinical chemistry it shows that adding garlic extract with concentrations of 0% (control), 1%, 2% and 4% to drinking water does not have a significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on Aspartate transamnase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine and glucose. It can be concluded that the best treatment is giving 2% extract in drinking water which is able to improve the haematological profile of quail in terms of increasing hemoglobin levels.

Indonesia adalah negara mega-biodiversity yang dianugerahi dengan tingginya keanekaragaman jenis primata, yaitu peringkat ketiga di dunia setelah Brazil dan Madagaskar. Di seluruh kepulauan Nusantara, kita dapat menjumpai berbagai jenis primata eksotis mulai dari kera besar, monyet ekor panjang, monyet daun, hingga primata yang terkecil seperti tarsius. Beberapa jenis primata tersebut juga merupakan hewan endemik, yaitu satwa yang mendiami suatu wilayah dan tidak ditemukan di daerah lain. Ironisnya, sebagian besar jenis primata Indonesia ini dalam status terancam punah akibat ulah predator yang merupakan kerabatnya sendiri, manusia. Perlu adanya suatu upaya untuk meningkatkan kepedulian terhadap kelestarian primata Indonesia, yang tentunya dimulai dengan mengetahui dan mengenalnya. Buku Membingkai Satwa Primata Indonesia dalam Tiga Pilar: Biologi, Konservasi, Biomedis mengenalkan, membahas, dan menginformasikan berbagai topik tentang pilar biologi, konservasi, dan biomedis primata Indonesia yang bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan hidup umat manusia. Buku ini dapat memberikan manfaat tidak hanya bagi periset atau pegiat primatologi, tetapi juga bagi masyarakat luas sebagai sarana memperkenalkan dan menginformasikan betapa luar biasanya kekayaan satwa primata Indonesia.