Zhongmin Zhou

Monolithic integration is widely regarded as a practical pathway toward scalable perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Despite substantial progress in understanding and mitigating laser‐scribing‐induced damage, laser‐scribed groove regions remain important localized sources of performance loss and degradation that can affect module efficiency, reproducibility, and long‐term stability. While a growing number of studies have reported various post‐processing approaches for laser‐scribed grooves, the field still lacks an engineering‐oriented framework connecting laser‐induced damage mechanisms with practical module‐level mitigation strategies. In this review, we specifically focus on laser‐scribed grooves as functionally dominant degradation zones, rather than treating them as minor processing defects. We introduce an engineering‐oriented damage cascade framework to describe how laser‐induced thermal disorder, defect generation, structural disruption, and transport processes are hierarchically coupled. Based on this perspective, existing post‐processing strategies for grooves are systematically classified according to the stages of the damage cascade they primarily address. This enables a mechanism‐guided evaluation of their effectiveness, trade‐offs, and scalability.

To address severe interfacial defects in ETL-free perovskite solar cells, 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABD) passivates surface defects via coordination and hydrogen-bond interactions, achieving high performance and stability.

In n‐i‐p structured perovskite solar cells, π‐conjugated small‐molecule spiro‐methoxydiarylamine (spiro‐OMeTAD) serves as the state‐of‐the‐art hole‐transporting material, whose performance relies heavily on doping with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (tBP). Nevertheless, the facile migration of Li ⁺ cations and the severe thermal volatilization of tBP under operational conditions inevitably degrade device longevity. To circumvent these bottlenecks, perfluorobutanesulfonamide (PFBSA) is introduced into spiro‐OMeTAD as a multifunctional additive, which enables simultaneous interactions with Li ⁺ and tBP. The Lewis‐basic sulfonyl oxygen moieties of PFBSA coordinate with Lewis‐acidic Li ⁺ to suppress ion migration; meanwhile, the amino groups of PFBSA form robust hydrogen bonds with the pyridyl moiety of tBP, restraining its thermal escape at elevated temperatures. Moreover, PFBSA facilitates the dissociation of TFSI ⁻ anions, accelerates the oxidation of spiro‐OMeTAD, and elevates film hole mobility. The liberated TFSI ⁻ further triggers the generation of spiro‐OMeTAD ^·+ , realizing efficient p‐type doping. Benefiting from the multifunctional regulation of PFBSA, the devices achieve improved humidity and thermal stability, delivering a power conversion efficiency of 26.05%. This work establishes a molecular‐level synergistic strategy for spiro‐OMeTAD, offering a facile and versatile route to fabricate stable and high‐efficiency perovskite photovoltaics.

Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for high‐efficiency tandem photovoltaics. However, substantial temperature fluctuations during device operation generate mechanical stresses that, coupled with insufficient adhesion at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface, induce perovskite cracking and interfacial delamination. These structural degradations hinder efficient hole extraction and compromise long‐term device stability. In this study, we introduce 1,2‐ethylenediphosphonic acid (EDPA) as an interfacial molecular bridge to reconstruct the contact interface between the perovskite and HTL. The terminal phosphonic acid groups of EDPA simultaneously anchored to poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and coordinated with B‐site metal ions in the perovskite, enhancing interfacial adhesion and generating pre‐compressive stress during film formation, effectively counteracting thermally induced tensile stress during device operation. Concurrently, EDPA disrupts the intrinsic electrostatic interactions within HTL via hydrogen‐bonding interactions, facilitating the segregation of insulating PSS chains, exposing the conductive PEDOT network, and reconstructing a more efficient hole‑extraction interface. Given these synergistic mechanical and electrical enhancements, the optimized PSC achieves a 23.96% power conversion efficiency (PCE), retaining 90.4% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of thermal cycling (25°C–85°C). This study establishes a buried‐interface reconstruction strategy for realizing thermomechanically robust Sn–Pb perovskite photovoltaics under practical operating conditions.

Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for high‐efficiency tandem photovoltaics. However, substantial temperature fluctuations during device operation generate mechanical stresses that, coupled with insufficient adhesion at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface, induce perovskite cracking and interfacial delamination. These structural degradations hinder efficient hole extraction and compromise long‐term device stability. In this study, we introduce 1,2‐ethylenediphosphonic acid (EDPA) as an interfacial molecular bridge to reconstruct the contact interface between the perovskite and HTL. The terminal phosphonic acid groups of EDPA simultaneously anchored to poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and coordinated with B‐site metal ions in the perovskite, enhancing interfacial adhesion and generating pre‐compressive stress during film formation, effectively counteracting thermally induced tensile stress during device operation. Concurrently, EDPA disrupts the intrinsic electrostatic interactions within HTL via hydrogen‐bonding interactions, facilitating the segregation of insulating PSS chains, exposing the conductive PEDOT network, and reconstructing a more efficient hole‑extraction interface. Given these synergistic mechanical and electrical enhancements, the optimized PSC achieves a 23.96% power conversion efficiency (PCE), retaining 90.4% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of thermal cycling (25°C–85°C). This study establishes a buried‐interface reconstruction strategy for realizing thermomechanically robust Sn–Pb perovskite photovoltaics under practical operating conditions.

Narrow‐bandgap tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) mixed perovskites are important materials for advancing single‐junction photovoltaics toward their theoretical efficiency limit. However, their inherent asynchronous crystallization triggers severe morphological inhomogeneity and generates a high defect density, which limits the performance and long‐term stability of devices. Unlike conventional Lewis base strategies that predominantly focus on direct bonding effects for simple defect passivation, we propose a strategy for precursor colloidal regulation mediated by aromatic conjugated hydrazide derivatives. Extending the conjugation length of the hydrazide molecular framework established preferential coordination interactions between the additive and SnI ₂ precursor. This preferential complexation alleviated the aggregation of perovskite clusters and inhibited the rapid precipitation of Sn species, while simultaneously suggesting a lowered apparent heterogeneous nucleation energy barrier on the substrate. This approach achieved uniform and balanced Sn/Pb crystallization kinetics, which enabled the formation of compact, pinhole‐free perovskite films. The optimal device modified with 2‐naphthoylhydrazine delivered a power conversion efficiency of 24.16%, along with significantly enhanced operational stability, which retained 88.2% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of continuous illumination. This work offers novel insights into precisely regulating the crystallization of narrow‐bandgap Sn‐Pb perovskites to enable the development of efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

Narrow‐bandgap tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) mixed perovskites are important materials for advancing single‐junction photovoltaics toward their theoretical efficiency limit. However, their inherent asynchronous crystallization triggers severe morphological inhomogeneity and generates a high defect density, which limits the performance and long‐term stability of devices. Unlike conventional Lewis base strategies that predominantly focus on direct bonding effects for simple defect passivation, we propose a strategy for precursor colloidal regulation mediated by aromatic conjugated hydrazide derivatives. Extending the conjugation length of the hydrazide molecular framework established preferential coordination interactions between the additive and SnI ₂ precursor. This preferential complexation alleviated the aggregation of perovskite clusters and inhibited the rapid precipitation of Sn species, while simultaneously suggesting a lowered apparent heterogeneous nucleation energy barrier on the substrate. This approach achieved uniform and balanced Sn/Pb crystallization kinetics, which enabled the formation of compact, pinhole‐free perovskite films. The optimal device modified with 2‐naphthoylhydrazine delivered a power conversion efficiency of 24.16%, along with significantly enhanced operational stability, which retained 88.2% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of continuous illumination. This work offers novel insights into precisely regulating the crystallization of narrow‐bandgap Sn‐Pb perovskites to enable the development of efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

Lead leakage remains a critical barrier for the practical deployment of perovskite solar cells. However, the mechanistic link between device degradation and lead release is still not fully understood. Here, we identify that continuous illumination induces iodide (I–) loss and oxidation to molecular iodine (I2), generating abundant iodine vacancies (VI) within the perovskite lattice. These vacancies destabilize the perovskite octahedral framework, resulting in the exposure of undercoordinated Pb2+ sites at grain boundaries and surfaces. When devices are damaged and subsequently exposed to water, these exposed Pb2+ sites are highly vulnerable to dissolution, forming soluble lead-containing species and serving as the primary source of lead leakage. To address this issue, we develop a dual-regulation strategy based on thiourea-derived molecules targeting both bulk and interfacial regions. Phenylthiourea (TPU) is introduced into the perovskite bulk, where its thiourea moiety coordinates strongly with Pb2+, suppressing defect formation and retarding ion migration. At the device interface, a 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylthiourea (TFPU) layer is constructed, where the fluorinated groups enhance hydrophobicity and act as a barrier against moisture ingress, thereby mitigating lead leakage pathways. The optimized device delivers a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.13%, providing a mechanistically guided strategy toward high-performance and environmentally more robust perovskite photovoltaics.