Abdelhay Ali

Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in veterinary education. However, cadaveric dissection encounters significant challenges such as high costs, ethical concerns, and limited accessibility, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to develop supplementary, cost-effective educational tools using smartphone-based three-dimensional (3D) imaging and a modified Elnady plastination technique applied to ox and camel organs to enhance gross anatomy teaching. Digital photogrammetry was employed to create 3D models of the axis, skull, femur, lumbar vertebrae, and soft-tissue specimens of the head, including the nasal and oral cavities of an adult bull, utilizing a smartphone camera. Subsequently, the 3D models were processed and refined using the KIRI Engine 3D Scanner application. Bull specimens were obtained from the Anatomy Laboratory at the College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, from the existing collection. Meanwhile, anatomical specimens from five adult male camels (5 hearts, 10 kidneys, 5 penises, and 5 testes) and six adult bulls (6 testes) were plastinated using a modified version of the Elnady protocol to create long-lasting teaching tools. The 3D imaging produced precise, high-resolution, and interactive models of the ox skeleton, which clearly exhibited anatomical structures and spatial relationships with adjacent bones. The ox skeletal and soft-tissue 3D models demonstrated excellent detail, allowing clear visualization of anatomical structures. Plastinated specimens of the adult male camel preserved their anatomical integrity, exhibited minimal shrinkage, had adequate structural clarity, remained dry, odorless, and suitable for repeated handling. Among the ox specimens, shrinkage was observed in the testicular parenchyma following plastination. Using 3D imaging alongside plastination enhanced visual and tactile learning. The current findings indicated that smartphone-based 3D photogrammetry and the modified Elnady plastination technique offered a practical, scalable approach to modernizing anatomy teaching, especially in limited-resource settings.

This study aimed to determine the optimum timing of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) that may result in improvement of mRNA expression of myogenic upstream activation factors viz. Wnt family member-3 (Wnt-3), sonic hedgehog gene (Shh), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and paired-box transcription factor-7 (Pax-7) during development and histogenesis of broiler muscle. Fertile eggs (1440) were divided randomly and equally into 5 treatment groups including control (no TM) and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2 TM3 and TM4) that were daily subjected to 39 ̊C for 18 h with 65% relative humidity during embryonic days ED 7–11, ED 11–15, ED 15–18 and ED 7–18 respectively. Pectoral and thigh muscle mRNA expressions of myogenic upstream activation factors were evaluated by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Out of TM conditions that were investigated, TM1 resulted in a significant improvement of Wnt-3, Shh, PCNA and Pax-7 expressions in broiler pectoral and thigh muscles during embryonic and post-hatch life when compared to the control. Thus, thermal manipulation during early embryongenesis (embryonic days ED 7-11) enhance broiler skeletal muscle myoblast proliferation by triggering and inducing transcription factors that regulates myogenesis and subsequently may lead to improve cell number and size of skeletal muscle. The outcome of this study indicates that TM during ED7-11 improved muscle response to heat stress, was safe to the pectoral and thigh muscles and this method may enhance myogenesis and muscle growth in a positive manner.

The objective of this study was to elucidate the optimum protocol timing of thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis, which underline genetic improvement of muscle thermotolerance acquisition. For the present study, 1,440 fertile eggs were divided randomly and equally into control (37.8 °C with 56% relative humidity) and four thermally manipulated groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4) subjected to 39 °C for 18 h with 65% relative humidity daily during different embryonic periods. Then, at day 35 post-hatch, all groups [...] ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to elucidate the optimum protocol timing of thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis, which underline genetic improvement of muscle thermotolerance acquisition. For the present study, 1,440 fertile eggs were divided randomly and equally into control (37.8 °C with 56% relative humidity) and four thermally manipulated groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4) subjected to 39 °C for 18 h with 65% relative humidity daily during different embryonic periods. Then, at day 35 post-hatch, all groups