Hao Zhang

BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major site of lipid oxidation, and the lipid oxidation products are related to an increased risk of various chronic diseases. In this study, the inhibition capacity of bound‐polyphenol rich insoluble dietary fiber (BP‐IDF) from highland barley (HB) to lipid oxidation was evaluated during simulated GI digestion.RESULTS: We found that the level of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and aldehydes were significantly inhibited when highland barley bound‐polyphenol rich insoluble dietary fiber (HBBP‐IDF) co‐digestion with cooked pork. The lipid oxidation products were more effectively scavenged during simulated gastric digestion, with inhibition of 77.4% for LOOH, 52.3% for malondialdehyde, 46.5% for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐hexenal and 48.7% for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenel, respectively. The fiber‐bound polyphenols are the principal scavengers of lipid oxidation products.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HBBP‐IDF could be used as a functional ingredient able to scavenge lipid oxidation products across the GI tract. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

BACKGROUND: Caffeic acid (CA) has anti‐oxidation and anti‐inflammatory. However, the poor hydrophilicity of CA limits its biological activities. In this work, hydrophilic glyceryl monocaffeate (GMC) was synthesized by esterification using different caffeoyl donors (deep eutectic solvent and solid CA). Cation‐exchange resins were used as the catalysts. The effects of reaction conditions were also investigated.RESULTS: The mass transfer limitation of esterification was eliminated using deep eutectic solvent. Compared with the previous catalysts (immobilized lipase Novozym 435), an economic cation‐exchange resin, Amberlyst‐35 (A‐35), showed good catalytic performance for GMC preparation. The activation energies of GMC synthesis and CA conversion were 43.71 kJ mol⁻¹ and 43.07 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were a temperature reaction of 90 °C, catalyst load of 7%, glycerol/CA molar ratio of 5:1 (mol mol⁻¹), and reaction time of 24 h, which resulted in a maximum GMC yield and CA conversion of 69.75 ± 1.03% and 82.23 ± 2.02%, respectively.CONCLUSION: The results of the work showed a promising alternative for the synthesis of GMC. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

High melting point and hydrophilicity of phenolic acids limit their application in lipophilic environments such as fat‐containing cosmetics and foods. The esterification of the carboxyl group with fatty and aromatic alcohols has been considered as an effective way to enhance the lipophilicity of phenolic acids and thus enable better location of the antioxidant moiety into membranes and interface of emulsion systems where oxidation is expected to occur. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the catalytic properties of six solid acids (HND‐34, HND‐6, HND‐580, HND‐2, HND‐8 and HND‐26) for the synthesis of benzyl cinnamate. Results show that HND‐26 was the most effective solid acid to catalyse the esterification reaction of cinnamic acid with benzyl alcohol. By using response surface methodology, the influence of key experimental factors on the yield of benzyl cinnamate was investigated and the maximum yield (95.1%) was obtained under the optimized conditions (58°C, cinnamic acid/benzyl alcohol 1:20 (mol/mol), HND‐26 loading 13.8% and 25 hours). The activation energy of cinnamic acid conversion with benzyl alcohol was 30.3 kJ/mol. Obtained results provide a cost‐effective way of green synthesis of benzyl cinnamate and highlights the potential applications of HND‐26 as an efficient catalyst for the production of phenolic acid esters with broad usage in cosmetic industry.