Itziar Barinaga-Rementeria

Lan honetan Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatearen (UPV/EHU) jarduera akademikoaren ingurumen-aztarnaren emaitza nagusiak biltzen dira, etorkizunera begirako eta COVID19aren ondoriozko irakaskuntza-agertokien inpaktuak barne. Erreferentziazko agertokia 2016 urteari dagokio eta inbentarioa osatzeko UPV/EHUren energia- eta material-kontsumoen, sortutako hondakinen eta garraio beharren datuak bildu dira. UPV/EHUren hiru Campusak (Araba, Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoa) eta 2016/17 ikasturte akademikoaren 46,813 erabiltzaileen %96.8 (ikasleak: % 81.9, irakasle eta ikertzaileak: % 11.0 eta administrazioko eta zerbitzuetako langileak: % 3.9) kontuan hartu dira. Bizi-zikloaren modelizazioa egiteko OpenLCA programa, Ecoinvent datu-basea eta CML Midpoint metodologia erabili dira. UPV/EHUren ingurumen-aztarnaren ekarpen handieneko jarduera, aztertutako inpaktu-kategoria gehienetan, garraioa da (% 60 ingurukoa). Energia- eta material-kontsumoaren ekarpena txikiagoa da, baina azken hauen artean ordenagailu eta ekipo informatikoak aipatu behar dira. Oro har, erabiltzaile bakoitzeko sortzen diren inpakturik handienak Leioako Campusekoak dira, hirietan dauden zentro eta fakultateekin alderatuta, batez ere garraioaren eta hondakinen tratamenduen ondorioz. COVID-19aren pandemiaren ondoriozko agertokietan, ‘Konfinamendua’ eta ‘Edonon’ (jarduera erdipresentzialean), UPV/EHUren ingurumen-aztarna jaitsi zen, mugikortasuna mugatzearen ondorioz garraioa murriztu zen eta. Hala ere, ikasgelak aireztatzearen ondorioz energia-kontsumoa handitu behar izan zen. Gainera, irakaskuntza erdipresentziala ziurtatzeko ekipamendu informatiko berria erosi behar izan zen. COVID-19aren ondoriozko irakaskuntza-agertokien emaitzak zein etorkizunera begirakoena bat datoz: garraio ohiturak aldatu beharko lirateke, mugikortasuna murrizteko eta garraio publikoaren erabilera sustatzeko. Beraz, iraunkortasunerako bidean, UPV/EHUren jarduera akademikoaren ingurumen-aztarna tresna eraginkorra da hobekuntza-neurriak proposatzearen alde. Hala ere, azterketa sakonagoa egiteaz gain, lankidetza beharrezkoa da: ez bakarrik erakundearen kudeatzaileena, baizik eta unibertsitate-komunitate guztiarena ere.

This paper addresses the debate regarding weak versus strong sustainability in the field of rural land use planning. Both concepts correspond to opposing paradigms on sustainability and both their fundamentals of economic roots and comparative analyses from a theoretical point of view enjoy a contrasting trajectory. However, their inclusion in land use planning has been an issue not sufficiently studied despite their relevance in the field of local development and sustainability. The aim of this study is to shed light on this gap by exploring the assessment of the degree of sustainability in rural land use planning. To this end, two case studies involving forestry in the Basque Country (Spain) have been analyzed based on a multi-criteria analysis technique. As a result, we have observed the importance of setting thresholds in the valuations of the criteria, as well as the effect of varying such thresholds above the compensability degree.

Decisions on environmental issues are complex and multidimensional as they represent multiple interests and values. Nevertheless, the ability of participatory multi-criteria methodologies to deal with this kind of problem is widely acknowledged. Traditionally, multi-criteria methods have focused more on technical issues than on the representation of participants’ preferences. In participatory processes there are questions such as who establishes the mechanisms of participation, in what terms these processes are developed and who is going to participate, which are determining factors that have not been sufficiently studied in multi-criteria analysis. This paper, in order to shed light on this gap, aims to compare the creation of social preferences under two different participatory approaches. For this purpose, two different participatory approaches are compared. On the one hand, applying the social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) method, a deliberative process is developed following the principles of deliberative democracy. On the other hand, an aggregation process of individual preferences has been developed based on information collected through surveys. Both approaches have advantages as well as constraints. Our main finding is that the information obtained through the different participatory methods is different and complementary. Therefore, we can state that both participatory methods can be enriching assessment processes.

The planning of rural land depends, to a large extent, on the agreed-upon agrarian and forestry development model. Within the framework of agrarian multifunctionality, to evaluate different development alternatives and their effect on territorial planning, its multiple dimensions must be considered as well as the interests and needs of the stakeholders. This work thus addresses the comprehensive evaluation of development alternatives for the rural area of a municipality of the Basque Country (Spain) through the implementation of a multi-criteria evaluation method with social participation. The results show, firstly, the existence of trade-offs between the functions to be promoted in the various development models evaluated. Secondly, the results indicate the need to reverse recent trends in the sector and the convenience of moving towards an agro-livestock model of greater ecological and local character, independently of the followed forest model. In fact, the evaluation carried out also reveals, thirdly, the existence of more or less latent conflicts, in particular with regards to forest policy.

Hazkunde ekonomikoa sarritan oparotasunaren berme moduan ulertu izan da. Zentzu horretan, erakunde publikoetatik hartzen diren erabakien arrakasta-maila horiek eragindako hazkunde ekonomikoaren arabera neurtzeko joera orokortua dago. Alegia, hazkunde ekonomikoa honela ulertu da: ekonomia baten ondasun eta zerbitzuen ekoizpena eta, beraz, ekonomia horren errenta denbora jakin batean hazten den erritmo bezala, eta barne-produktu gordinaren hazkunde-tasaren bidez neurtu. Ondorioz, ekonomialariek hazkunde ekonomikoaren azterketari arreta berezia eskaini izan diote, alegia, hazkunde ekonomikoa eragiten duten faktoreen identifikazio-lanak asko eta askotarikoak izan dira denboraren joanean. Azken urte hauetan, baina, desazkundearen mugimenduak ekonomiek hazkunde ekonomikoa azken helburu moduan izatearen ideia bera kritikatu du. Artikulu honek, beraz, Adam Smith ekonomialari klasikotik abiatuta, hainbat pentsalarik hazkunde ekonomikoari buruz azaldu dituzten ekarpen esanguratsuenen bilduma labur bat aurkeztea du helburu.