Oksana A. Kolenchukova

Iron oxide nanoparticles attract attention in the scientific community due to the wide range of their unique physico-chemical properties obtained during various synthesis methods. However, their effects on the body when administered orally have not been sufficiently studied. This work was aimed to study of morphological and morphometric characteristics of the gastric mucosa of laboratory mice using synthetic and biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles as a feed additive. Materials and methods. Nanoparticles of synthetic and biogenic iron origin were used in the work. The laboratory mice (n = 55) were allocated into 3 groups: 1 group of mice (n = 15) were intact animals that received standard feeding; group 2 (n = 20) fed food with synthetic nanoparticles; group 3 (n = 20) fed food with biogenic nanoparticles. The biological material (mouse stomach) was sampled on days 1, 22, and 36. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Perls. Morphometric analysis of the drugs was performed in the program “ViodeoTesT - Morphology 7.0”. Results. Upon oral administration of iron oxide nanoparticles into the body, lymphohistiocytic infiltration, hemorrhages, enlargement of the gastric glands, cysts, and dystrophic changes in the cells of the columnar epithelium were detected in both groups. At the same time, foci of atrophic gastritis and pronounced foci of destruction of the gastric glands were noted in animals of group 3 on day 36. Conclusion. The entry of both synthetic and biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles into the gastrointestinal tract for 36 days causes pathological changes in the stomach tissue in the form of epithelial metaplasia with dystrophic changes in the gastric glands.

Relevance. Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common ENT diseases. Topical complex nasal spray Polydexa with phenylephrine (PE), which includes an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is effective as a local therapy. There are no data on the toxic effects of Polydexa with PE in the medical literature. However, additional evidence will help remove restrictions on the use of Polydexa with PE spray, will help reduce the uncontrolled use of systemic antibiotics and reduce the growth of antibiotic resistance. Objective. To improve the treatment results for patients with acute rhinosinusitis through the use of Polydexa with PE nasal spray, taking into account the experimental and clinical assessment of its safety and efficacy. Material and methods. For the experimental part, 20 linear male mice aged 10 weeks were used. For 10 days, 3 times a day, 8 individuals were intranasally administered Polydexa with PE at a dose of 30 μl. To evaluate the experimental results, histological and morphometric studies of the olfactory structure tissues on the 10th day were used. The clinical part of the study included 70 patients (38 (54%) women, 32 (45%) men) with acute sinusitis aged 18 to 60 years, half of whom (n=35) used the intranasal spray Polydexa with PE at 1 dose 5 times a day for 7 days. To evaluate the clinical results, a visual analogue scale, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity and assessment of olfactory thresholds using the RVSS test were used. Results and discussion. According to the experimental study, there were no direct toxic and destructive lesions of the olfactory structures in mice against the background of local administration of Polydexa with PE. In addition, the results confirm the role of inflammation in olfactory impairment and the importance of olfactometry in the diagnosis of acute sinusitis. The clinical study data showed that local therapy with nasal spray Polydexa with PE compared to the control allowed to reduce the intensity of complaints by 2.8 times and the inflammatory picture in the nasal cavity by 1.7 times, which contributed to a 4.5-fold decrease in the frequency of systemic antibiotic use. The use of nasal spray Polydexa with PE led to the restoration of the sense of smell in 94.3% of patients, which confirms the absence of a neurotoxic effect on the olfactory nerve and olfactory epithelium. Conclusion. As a result of the experimental and clinical study, the safety and efficacy of the complex nasal spray Polydexa with PE in acute rhinosinusitis were reliably proven, which allows its wider use as monotherapy and as part of a combined treatment for inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

In 2020, an emergency diesel fuel spill and leakage from storage tanks occurred in the city of Norilsk; as a result, petroleum products entered adjacent water bodies and reached Lake Pyasino. The objects of this study are organs and tissues of nesting and migrating representatives of the order Anseriformes inhabiting the affected area. An aerial survey was conducted in 2021–2023, and censuses of birds in gatherings were performed on the basis of the photographs. To monitor the affected area and identify suitable sampling sites, the Lake Pyasino basin was divided into 4606 squares (1 km² in size), 1205 of which (149 impact sites and 1056 control sites) were selected. After their ranking and analysis of species richness, the five most contaminated sites and seven control sites were identified. The most severe changes in the liver, lungs, and heart were diagnosed in nesting birds. Brown foreign particles present in the blood were diffusely distributed throughout the circulatory system and recorded in the blood in all studied organs. In addition, pronounced invasion was detected in the studied organs in all groups of birds. The following pathologies were diagnosed in the birds: hematopoiesis disorders, venous congestion, edemas and hemorrhages in lungs, bronchopneumonia, hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, fatty dystrophies in parenchyma, and focal necroses in liver. Long-term exposure to the toxicant results in the transition of the organism from a stress state to a shock state. A significant role is played by free kinins (i.e., vasoactive polypeptides). Overall, chronic exposure to petroleum products results in pronounced pathologies of internal organs accompanied by hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders. The following hypothesis has been confirmed: emergency spills of petroleum products and their residual presence after the remediation pose a toxic hazard for both nesting birds and birds of passage within the affected wetland. In nesting species, however, pathohistological changes in the liver, lungs, and heart are more pronounced.

Currently, there is little information on the levels and changes in pathogenic bacteria of cattle feces and their antibiotic resistance on dairy farms. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from livestock farm waste is necessary. The purpose of the study is to investigate the composition of fecal microflora and analyze its antibiotic resistance. Using routine bacteriological methods, as well as mass spectrometry, the species composition of fecal microflora of cattle was determined, and the disk diffusion method was used to analyze its antibiotic resistance. In the course of the work, data were obtained on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbiome of cattle and the specificity of antibiotic resistance to such drugs as ampicillin in two dosages (2 μg and 10 μg), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 20/10 μg, benzylpenicillin 1 ME, tetracycline 30 μg, erythromycin 15 μg was revealed. These groups of antibiotics are most often used in animal husbandry. The study will help to determine the antibiotics to which the bacteria of the intestinal microflora of cattle are resistant, since, due to their excessive use, resistance to them appears not only in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the so-called opportunistic microorganisms, of which there are many more, and normally they are not dangerous, but with weakened immunity they can cause various diseases. High resistance of intestinal microflora bacteria to the most popular drugs used in animal husbandry, in particular on dairy farms for the treatment of cattle, has been revealed. Antimicrobial drugs are a tool used on livestock farms to ensure animal health, and this tool should be used rationally.

BACKGROUND: The negative impact of environmental factors affects human health, leading to an increase in disease rates associated with unfavorable living conditions. Assessing environmental quality remains highly relevant, as each major industrial center has its own regional characteristics. AIM: To compare the cationic and anionic composition and types of saliva microcrystallization in residents of major industrial centers, using Omsk and Krasnoyarsk as examples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using saliva samples from residents of Omsk (n = 82) and Krasnoyarsk (n = 86), aged 18–22 years. All samples were analyzed for ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chlorides, sulfates, fluorides, and phosphates using capillary electrophoresis, and the types of saliva microcrystallization were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric methods, including the Mann–Whitney test for two-group comparisons and the Kruskal–Wallis test for comparisons involving three or more groups. RESULTS: Significant regional differences were observed for all parameters except sulfate concentration in saliva. Residents of Krasnoyarsk had higher levels of ammonium, potassium, calcium, and all anions in their saliva compared to those from Omsk, whereas sodium and magnesium concentrations were higher in Omsk residents. In all parameters except calcium, increased concentrations were observed in male subgroups, regardless of region. No differences in saliva microcrystallization patterns were identified between the two cities. CONCLUSION: The element concentrations in saliva differ between residents of Omsk and Krasnoyarsk. When planning studies using saliva as a biological substrate, it is essential to consider regional factors that influence its composition, which are determined by varying geochemical and industrial factors. Therefore, it is necessary to refine the normal reference values for saliva parameters specific to each city.

Polypous rhinosinusitis (PRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, characterized by the formation and recurrent growth of polyps. Often, PRS is a manifestation of the most severe clinical symptom complex — the asthmatic triad (AT). AT is characterized by three main clinical manifestations: bronchial asthma (BA) itself, PRS, intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and NA. However, not all three components of the triad are expressed equally, a variant of the dyad (BA with PRS) is possible. AT is one of the most severe variants of BA, it is more difficult to respond to conservative therapy and significantly reduces the ability of patients to work. In the world, PRS and AT are detected in 0.5—16% of the population, in Russia the number of patients is about 1.5 million people. Material and methods. The analysis of the medical literature on this problem has been carried out. Results. To date, there is no consensus on the etiology and pathogenesis of the polypous process in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, therefore, many theories of the occurrence of this disease have been proposed, the main ones being: anatomical factors, osteitis, virological, bacterial, allergic, autoimmune theory and the theory of metabolic disorders of arachidonic acid. The key role in modern studies of the pathogenesis of AT is still given to the peculiarities of arachidonic acid metabolism. Conclusions. The low effectiveness of treatment and the severity of clinical manifestations encourage scientists to further investigate the etiopathogenesis of polypous rhinosinusitis and the asthmatic triad.

Aim. To study the functional activity of blood eosinophils in patients with Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) invasion.Material and methods. A total of 328 patients with O. felineus invasion (120 men and 208 women, mean age 40.3 years) and 34 practically healthy patients (14 men and 20 women, mean age 41.1 years) aged 18 to 70 years were examined. The main method for diagnosing opisthorchiasis was the determination of eggs or bodies of adult parasites in the duodenal contents and/or feces, which was used in all 328 patients with opisthorchiasis. All patients underwent a complete blood count and biochemical blood test, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs. The study of the functional activity of blood eosinophils was carried out in 42 patients with opisthorchiasis and 34 healthy individuals from the control group by chemiluminescent analysis with the measurement of the intensity of production of reactive oxygen species in spontaneous and zymosan-induced reactions in lucigenin- and luminol-dependent processes.Results. The frequency of eosinophils in the complete blood count above 5% in the examined patients with opisthorchiasis was 19.5%. An increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood in patients with opisthorchiasis was associated with an increase in the frequency of complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium, pruritus, skin rashes, an increase in the proportion of leukopenia and neutropenia, an increase in the level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the blood, and an increase in the frequency of ultrasound signs of cholecystitis. At the same time, a pronounced increase in the functional activity of blood eosinophils, determined by the chemiluminescent method, was observed in patients with O. felineus invasion.Conclusions. Patients with O. felineus invasion with an increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood due to the likelihood of an aggressive course of the pathology deserve the close attention of practitioners with the need for a thorough comprehensive examination of patients, including immunological methods.

We studied the effect of biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles synthesized as a result of the culturing of Klebsiella oxytoca on Wistar rats with experimenta

Studies monitoring the impact of different types of industrial pollution on ecosystems using the histomorphological method have been conducted. The stages of formation and development of changes in the main body systems of the organism in mouselike rodents living near rivers of the Norilsk industrial region are noted. Despite their external well-being, numerous structural morphological pathologies were found in the organs and tissues of the examined mice that inhabit the polluted territories. Disorders of the hematopoietic organs and an imbalance of the organs of the endocrine system may be a consequence of disruption of stabilizing mechanisms or of the accelerated depletion of reserve capacities of the systems under study.

Одним из ведущих этиопатогенетических факторов формирования язвенной болезни желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки у детей и взрослых в настоящее время рассматривается бактерия Helicobacter pylori. Несмотря на множество исследований в данной области, механизмы фагоцитарной активности в ответ на воздействие Helicobacter pylori до конца не ясны. Целью работы являлось получение результатов по функциональной и метаболической активности нейтрофильных гранулоцитов крови у детей с Helicobacter pylori-ассоциированным эрозивно-язвенным поражением желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки. Объектом исследования являются нейтрофильные гранулоциты, выделенные из крови больных и контрольной группы. Образцы были взяты у 46 лиц с Helicobacter pylori-ассоциированным эрозивно-язвенным поражением желудка и 12-перстной кишки в возрасте от 11 до 18 лет и контрольную группу, которую составляли 55 практически здоровых лиц, у которых было исключено данное заболевание в аналогичном возрастном диапазоне. Проведен сравнительный анализ функциональной активности клеток с помощью хемилюминесцентного анализа и метаболической активности биолюминесцентным методом. В качестве активатора хемилюминесценции использовался люминол. Измерение функциональной активности фагоцитов основывалось на определении базовой активности (спонтанная реакция) и резервных возможностей клеток при воздействии на них неспецифическим индуктором зимозаном. Наблюдается пониженный индекс активации нейтрофилов больных относительно контрольной группы, что может характеризовать пониженные метаболические резервы клеток. В нейтрофильных гранулоцитах происходит снижение Г6ФДГ-фермента, который запускает гликолиз по пентозофосфатному пути и способствует восстановлению никотинамидаденин-динуклеотидфосфата (NADP) до NADPH, который необходим для образования восстановленного глутатиона, связывающего окислители. При его недостаточности происходит снижение энергетических запасов клеток. В нейтрофильных гранулоцитах крови у детей с эрозивно-язвенным поражением желудка и 12-перстной кишки с выявленной инфекцией H. pylori наблюдается понижение метаболических резервов, что связано с ингибированием метаболических процессов в клетках.