Luigi Salvatore Esposito
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Luigi Salvatore Esposito has a total of 143 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Marco Calviani
European Organization for Nuclear Research
4 shared publications - Ruben Garcia Alia
CERN
4 shared publications Anton Lechner
3 shared publications- Giuseppe Mazzola
European Organization for Nuclear Research
3 shared publications - Kacper Bilko
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
3 shared publications - Pascal Dominik Hermes
European Organization for Nuclear Research
3 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 31 January 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
- Vol. 41, 3754-3764
Diffusion bonding of niobium alloys with tungsten and a molybdenum alloy for high-energy particle target applications
- 31 January 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
- Vol. 41, 3754-3764
Open AccessDiffusion bonding of niobium alloys with tungsten and a molybdenum alloy for high-energy particle target applications
- Open Access
- 1 May 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 28 (5)
Crystal collimation of heavy-ion beams at the Large Hadron Collider
An important upgrade has been deployed for the collimation system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for lead-ion beams that are already planned to reach their high-luminosity target intensity upgrade in the ongoing LHC Run 3 (2022–2026). While certain effects like e-cloud, beam-beam, impedance, injection, and dump protection are relaxed with ion beams, halo collimation becomes an increasing challenge, as the conventional multistage collimation system is about two orders of magnitude less efficient than that for proton beams. Ion fragments scattered out of the collimators in the betatron cleaning insertion risk quenching the cold dipole magnets downstream and may represent performance limitations. Planar channeling in bent crystals has been proven effective for high-energy heavy ions. A crystal collimation system was integrated into the LHC as a baseline solution for collimation in the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) era. In this paper, simulation and measurement results demonstrating the observation of channeling of heavy-ion beams and improvement in collimation cleaning in the multi-TeV energy regime are presented. The efficiency of the collimation scheme foreseen for the HL-LHC is presented. The highlights of the collimation performance in 2023, when crystal collimation was successfully deployed operationally for the first time, are also presented.
- 1 May 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 28 (5)
Open AccessCrystal collimation of heavy-ion beams at the Large Hadron Collider
An important upgrade has been deployed for the collimation system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for lead-ion beams that are already planned to reach their high-luminosity target intensity upgrade in the ongoing LHC Run 3 (2022–2026). While certain effects like e-cloud, beam-beam, impedance, injection, and dump protection are relaxed with ion beams, halo collimation becomes an increasing challenge, as the conventional multistage collimation system is about two orders of magnitude less efficient than that for proton beams. Ion fragments scattered out of the collimators in the betatron cleaning insertion risk quenching the cold dipole magnets downstream and may represent performance limitations. Planar channeling in bent crystals has been proven effective for high-energy heavy ions. A crystal collimation system was integrated into the LHC as a baseline solution for collimation in the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) era. In this paper, simulation and measurement results demonstrating the observation of channeling of heavy-ion beams and improvement in collimation cleaning in the multi-TeV energy regime are presented. The efficiency of the collimation scheme foreseen for the HL-LHC is presented. The highlights of the collimation performance in 2023, when crystal collimation was successfully deployed operationally for the first time, are also presented.
- Open Access
- 24 June 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 27 (6) , 061003
Energy deposition studies for the Upgrade II of LHCb at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The Upgrade II of the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment is proposed to be installed during the CERN Long Shutdown 4, aiming to operate LHCb at that is 75 times its design luminosity [1] and reaching an integrated luminosity of about by the end of the High Luminosity LHC era. This increase of the data sample at LHCb is an unprecedented opportunity for heavy flavor physics measurements. A first upgrade of LHCb (Upgrade I), completed in 2022, has already implemented important changes of the LHCb detector and, for the Upgrade II, further detector improvements of the tracking system, the particle identification system and the online and trigger infrastructure are being considered. Such a luminosity increase will have an impact not only on the LHCb detector but also on the LHC magnets, cryogenics, and electronic equipment placed in the insertion region 8. In fact, the LHCb experiment was conceived to work at a much lower luminosity than ATLAS and CMS, implying minor requirements for protection of the LHC elements from the collision debris, and therefore, a different layout around the interaction point. The Upgrade I has already implied the installation of an absorber for the neutral particle debris (TANB). However, the luminosity target proposed for this second upgrade requires to review the layout of the entire insertion region in order to ensure safe operation of the LHC magnets and to mitigate the risk of failure of the electronic devices. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the implications of the Upgrade II of LHCb in the experimental cavern and in the tunnel with a focus on the LHCb detector, electronic devices, and accelerator magnets. This proves that the Upgrade II luminosity goal can be sustained with the implementation of protection systems for magnets and electronics. The electronics placed in the experimental areas and in the cavern needs to be protected to mitigate a single event effect risk, which may imply recurring downtime of the LHC. On the other hand, protection for the first quadrupole of the final focus triplet and for the separation dipole are needed to prevent their quench and to reach the desired lifetime. Moreover, the normal-conducting compensators require the installation of shielding to limit their head coil degradation.- 24 June 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 27 (6) , 061003
Open AccessEnergy deposition studies for the Upgrade II of LHCb at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The Upgrade II of the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment is proposed to be installed during the CERN Long Shutdown 4, aiming to operate LHCb at that is 75 times its design luminosity [1] and reaching an integrated luminosity of about by the end of the High Luminosity LHC era. This increase of the data sample at LHCb is an unprecedented opportunity for heavy flavor physics measurements. A first upgrade of LHCb (Upgrade I), completed in 2022, has already implemented important changes of the LHCb detector and, for the Upgrade II, further detector improvements of the tracking system, the particle identification system and the online and trigger infrastructure are being considered. Such a luminosity increase will have an impact not only on the LHCb detector but also on the LHC magnets, cryogenics, and electronic equipment placed in the insertion region 8. In fact, the LHCb experiment was conceived to work at a much lower luminosity than ATLAS and CMS, implying minor requirements for protection of the LHC elements from the collision debris, and therefore, a different layout around the interaction point. The Upgrade I has already implied the installation of an absorber for the neutral particle debris (TANB). However, the luminosity target proposed for this second upgrade requires to review the layout of the entire insertion region in order to ensure safe operation of the LHC magnets and to mitigate the risk of failure of the electronic devices. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the implications of the Upgrade II of LHCb in the experimental cavern and in the tunnel with a focus on the LHCb detector, electronic devices, and accelerator magnets. This proves that the Upgrade II luminosity goal can be sustained with the implementation of protection systems for magnets and electronics. The electronics placed in the experimental areas and in the cavern needs to be protected to mitigate a single event effect risk, which may imply recurring downtime of the LHC. On the other hand, protection for the first quadrupole of the final focus triplet and for the separation dipole are needed to prevent their quench and to reach the desired lifetime. Moreover, the normal-conducting compensators require the installation of shielding to limit their head coil degradation. - Open Access
CFD Investigations on Heavy Liquid Metal Alternative Target Design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility
This study introduces numerical advancements in an alternative design for the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Beam Dump Facility (BDF) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). The design envisions a high-power operation target made of flowing liquid lead. The proposed BDF is a versatile facility for both beam-dump-like and fixed-target experiments. The target behavior is studied, assuming a proton beam with a momentum of 400 GeV/c, a pulse frequency of 1/7.2 Hz, and an average beam power of 355 kW. Using various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes, we evaluate the behavior of liquid lead and predict the thermal stress on the target vessel induced by the pulsed heat source generated by the charged particle beam. The comparison increases the reliability of the results, investigating the dependencies on the CFD modeling approach. The beam is a volumetric heat source with data from the beam-lead interaction simulations provided by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics and obtained with a Monte Carlo code. Velocity field and stress profiles can enhance the design of the lead loop and verify its viability and safety when operated with a liquid metal target.
Open AccessCFD Investigations on Heavy Liquid Metal Alternative Target Design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility
This study introduces numerical advancements in an alternative design for the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Beam Dump Facility (BDF) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). The design envisions a high-power operation target made of flowing liquid lead. The proposed BDF is a versatile facility for both beam-dump-like and fixed-target experiments. The target behavior is studied, assuming a proton beam with a momentum of 400 GeV/c, a pulse frequency of 1/7.2 Hz, and an average beam power of 355 kW. Using various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes, we evaluate the behavior of liquid lead and predict the thermal stress on the target vessel induced by the pulsed heat source generated by the charged particle beam. The comparison increases the reliability of the results, investigating the dependencies on the CFD modeling approach. The beam is a volumetric heat source with data from the beam-lead interaction simulations provided by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics and obtained with a Monte Carlo code. Velocity field and stress profiles can enhance the design of the lead loop and verify its viability and safety when operated with a liquid metal target.
- Open Access
- 16 May 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
CFD Investigations on Heavy Liquid Metal Alternative Target Design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility
This study introduces numerical advancements in an alternative design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility (BDF) at CERN. The design envisions a high-power operation target made of flowing liquid lead. The BDF is a proposed versatile facility at CERN, intended for both beam-dump-like and fixed-target experiments. The target behavior is assessed, assuming a proton beam with a momentum of 400 GeV/c, a pulse frequency of 1/7.2 Hz, and an average beam power of 355 kW. An evaluation is conducted using various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes to analyze the behavior of liquid lead and to predict the thermal stress on the target vessel induced by the pulsed heat source generated by the charged particle beam. The comparison increases the reliability of the results, investigating the dependencies on the CFD modeling approach. The beam is modeled as a volumetric heat source with data coming from beam-lead interaction simulations provided by CERN and obtained with the Monte-Carlo code FLUKA. The velocity field and stress profiles are utilized to enhance the design of the lead loop and verify its viability and safety when operated with a liquid metal target.
- 16 May 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
Open AccessCFD Investigations on Heavy Liquid Metal Alternative Target Design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility
This study introduces numerical advancements in an alternative design for the SPS Beam Dump Facility (BDF) at CERN. The design envisions a high-power operation target made of flowing liquid lead. The BDF is a proposed versatile facility at CERN, intended for both beam-dump-like and fixed-target experiments. The target behavior is assessed, assuming a proton beam with a momentum of 400 GeV/c, a pulse frequency of 1/7.2 Hz, and an average beam power of 355 kW. An evaluation is conducted using various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes to analyze the behavior of liquid lead and to predict the thermal stress on the target vessel induced by the pulsed heat source generated by the charged particle beam. The comparison increases the reliability of the results, investigating the dependencies on the CFD modeling approach. The beam is modeled as a volumetric heat source with data coming from beam-lead interaction simulations provided by CERN and obtained with the Monte-Carlo code FLUKA. The velocity field and stress profiles are utilized to enhance the design of the lead loop and verify its viability and safety when operated with a liquid metal target.
- Open Access
- 12 April 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 27 (4) , 043001
Design and early operation of a new-generation internal beam dump for CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is the last stage in the injector chain for CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, and it also provides proton and ion beams for several fixed-target experiments. The SPS has been in operation since 1976, and it has been upgraded over the years. For the SPS to operate safely, its internal beam dump must be able to repeatedly absorb the energy of the circulating beams without sustaining damage that would affect its function. The latest upgrades of the SPS led to the requirement for its beam dump to absorb proton beams with a momentum spectrum from 14 to and an average beam power of up to . This paper presents the technical details of a new design of the SPS beam dump that was installed in one of the long straight sections of the SPS during the 2019–2020 shutdown of CERN’s accelerator complex within the framework of the Large Hadron Collider Injectors Upgrade Project. This new beam dump has been in the operation since May 2021, and it is foreseen that it will operate with a lifetime of 20 years. The key challenges in the design of the beam dump were linked to the high levels of thermal energy to be dissipated—to avoid overheating and damage to the beam dump itself—and high induced levels of radiation, which have implications for personnel access to monitor the beam dump and repair any problems occurring during operation. The design process, therefore, included extensive thermomechanical finite-element simulations of the beam-dump core and its cooling system’s response to normal operation and worst-case scenarios for beam dumping. To ensure high thermal conductivity between the beam-dump core and its water-cooling system, hot isostatic pressing techniques were used in its manufacturing process. A comprehensive set of instrumentation was installed in the beam dump to monitor it during operation and to cross-check the numerical models with operational feedback. The beam dump and its infrastructure design were also optimized to ensure it can be maintained, repaired, or replaced while minimizing the radiation doses received by personnel.- 12 April 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 27 (4) , 043001
Open AccessDesign and early operation of a new-generation internal beam dump for CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is the last stage in the injector chain for CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, and it also provides proton and ion beams for several fixed-target experiments. The SPS has been in operation since 1976, and it has been upgraded over the years. For the SPS to operate safely, its internal beam dump must be able to repeatedly absorb the energy of the circulating beams without sustaining damage that would affect its function. The latest upgrades of the SPS led to the requirement for its beam dump to absorb proton beams with a momentum spectrum from 14 to and an average beam power of up to . This paper presents the technical details of a new design of the SPS beam dump that was installed in one of the long straight sections of the SPS during the 2019–2020 shutdown of CERN’s accelerator complex within the framework of the Large Hadron Collider Injectors Upgrade Project. This new beam dump has been in the operation since May 2021, and it is foreseen that it will operate with a lifetime of 20 years. The key challenges in the design of the beam dump were linked to the high levels of thermal energy to be dissipated—to avoid overheating and damage to the beam dump itself—and high induced levels of radiation, which have implications for personnel access to monitor the beam dump and repair any problems occurring during operation. The design process, therefore, included extensive thermomechanical finite-element simulations of the beam-dump core and its cooling system’s response to normal operation and worst-case scenarios for beam dumping. To ensure high thermal conductivity between the beam-dump core and its water-cooling system, hot isostatic pressing techniques were used in its manufacturing process. A comprehensive set of instrumentation was installed in the beam dump to monitor it during operation and to cross-check the numerical models with operational feedback. The beam dump and its infrastructure design were also optimized to ensure it can be maintained, repaired, or replaced while minimizing the radiation doses received by personnel. - Open Access
- 15 June 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 26 (6) , 061002
Energy deposition studies for the LHCb insertion region of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment at CERN LHC aims at achieving a significantly higher luminosity than originally planned by means of two major upgrades: the Upgrade I that took place during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) and the Upgrade II proposed for LS4. Such an increase in instantaneous and integrated luminosity with respect to the design values requires to reassess the radiation exposure of LHC magnets, cryogenics, and electronic equipment placed in the insertion region 8 (IR8) around LHCb. Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool to understand and predict the interaction between particle showers and accelerator elements, especially in case of future scenarios. For this purpose, their validation through the comparison with available measurements is a relevant step. A detailed IR8 model, including the LHCb detector, has been implemented with the fluka code. The objective of this study is to evaluate radiation levels due to proton-proton collisions and benchmark the predicted dose values against beam loss monitor measurements performed in 2018. Finally, we comment on the upcoming LHC run (Run 3, from 2022 to 2025), featuring a first luminosity jump in LHCb.
- 15 June 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Vol. 26 (6) , 061002
Open AccessEnergy deposition studies for the LHCb insertion region of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment at CERN LHC aims at achieving a significantly higher luminosity than originally planned by means of two major upgrades: the Upgrade I that took place during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) and the Upgrade II proposed for LS4. Such an increase in instantaneous and integrated luminosity with respect to the design values requires to reassess the radiation exposure of LHC magnets, cryogenics, and electronic equipment placed in the insertion region 8 (IR8) around LHCb. Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool to understand and predict the interaction between particle showers and accelerator elements, especially in case of future scenarios. For this purpose, their validation through the comparison with available measurements is a relevant step. A detailed IR8 model, including the LHCb detector, has been implemented with the fluka code. The objective of this study is to evaluate radiation levels due to proton-proton collisions and benchmark the predicted dose values against beam loss monitor measurements performed in 2018. Finally, we comment on the upcoming LHC run (Run 3, from 2022 to 2025), featuring a first luminosity jump in LHCb.