Larisa M. Mosina

The review focuses on current concepts of the role of obesity, the chronic systemic inflammation it induces, and lipid metabolism disorders in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in order to substantiate new approaches to its prevention and treatment. This review analyzes modern fundamental and clinical studies focusing on the relationship between metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and osteonecrosis. Specifically, we examine research investigating the molecular mechanisms of adipose tissue dysfunction, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and their impact on bone tissue homeostasis.The analysis established that obesity acts as a systemic risk factor for ONFH development, functioning not merely as a source of mechanical load but also as an initiator of a pathogenic cascade. Dysfunctional adipose tissue leads to chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Together, these factors provoke endothelial dysfunction, impair perfusion of the femoral head bone tissue, and induce lipotoxicity in the bone marrow. Consequently, at the local level, this cascade suppresses osteogenesis, simultaneously enhances bone resorption, and triggers osteocyte apoptosis.Systemic metabolic and inflammatory disruptions initiated by obesity underlie impaired bone remodeling, ischemia, and necrosis of the femoral head subchondral bone. Therefore, the correction of body weight and associated metabolic disorders should be considered an integral part of a comprehensive strategy for treating ONFH and preventing its progression. This integrated approach may improve the outcomes of joint-preserving interventions and delay the need for total hip arthroplasty in young patients.

Introduction. Chromatography technology has wide applications across many fields of science and industry. In medicine, chromatographic methods contribute to the successful diagnosis of diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiology, as well as to the identification of predictors of complication development, in particular through the assessment of metabolite profiles. The aim of this study is to analyze data on the history of development and the diagnostic value of the use of gas chromatography in medical practice.Materials and methods. An analysis of Russian and international scientific publications presented in the electronic scientific libraries eLibrary, Cochrane Library, and PubMed from 2011 to 2025 was conducted using the following keywords and their combinations: “history of chromatography,” “gas chromatography,” “chromatography–mass spectrometry,” and “metabolite.” The inclusion criteria comprised original studies addressing the history and methodology of chromatography, including medical aspects of its application. The exclusion criteria included insufficient detail regarding separation conditions, publications available only in abstract form, and the absence of access to full-text versions of the papers.Results. The article traces the transformation of gas chromatography from an analytical method into a foundation of clinical metabolomics. The authors demonstrate the diagnostic potential of GC profiling as a non-invasive alternative to classical tests. Discussion and conclusion. The technological evolution of gas chromatography and the introduction of intelligent data processing systems are transforming the method into one of the key tools for predictive diagnostics and personalized therapy.

BACKGROUND: Stress gastric ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that develops in response to severe physiological or psychological stress. The causes of stress ulcers in the gaster have not yet been fully studied. AIM: To evaluate the composition of lipids in the gastric mucosa in rats under acute stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All rats included in the study (n=30) were divided into two groups. Group 1 (main group, n=20) included animals with a model of stress gastric ulcer created by stimulation with electrical impulses for 12 h. Group 2 (control group, n=10) included animals with no manipulations. At the end of the experiment, the effective and total concentration in blood serum of all animals was measured, followed by the calculation of the albumin binding reserve, and the plasma toxicity index. We also visually assessed the degree of damage to the gastric mucosa and determined the lipid composition. RESULTS: Our study showed that a stressful situation led to endogenous intoxication in group 1. A decrease in the level of phosphatidylcholine by 16.3% and phosphatidylserine by 18.6% in stressed rats demonstrates the destruction of the cell membrane associated with apoptosis, which macroscopically manifested as spot hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers in the gastric mucosa. An increase in monoacylglycerol by 34.4% and diacylglycerol by 53.4% in group 1 indicates an increase in membrane permeability and induction of regenerative processes. CONCLUSION: In a stressful situation, a decrease in both total and effective albumin concentrations contributes to endogenous intoxication, leading to lipid imbalance, cell membrane damage, and the development of acute gastric mucosal injury.

Хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН) и хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) представляют собой значительные факторы морбидности и летальности в мировой медицинской практике. Взаимосвязь между этими двумя патологиями проявляется через комплексные системные эффекты, вызывая постепенное ухудшение физической активности и снижение качества жизни пациентов. Оба заболевания обладают общими факторами риска, включая табачное курение, старческий возраст и системное воспаление недифференцированного характера. В данной статье рассматривается влияние на тяжесть течения ХОБЛ при наличии или отсутствии ХСН, предоставляя дополнительный взгляд на динамику заболеваний и их взаимосвязь. Цель исследования – изучение степени тяжести течения хронической обструктивной болезни легких в зависимости от наличия ХСН. Материалы и методы. В период с 2018 по 2023 г. проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование, где использовался статистический и аналитический методы. В исследование включены 213 пациентов с ХОБЛ. В зависимости от наличия ХСН, больные были разделены на две группы. Первая группа - пациенты с ХОБЛ без ХСН, которая составила 54 человека (средний возраст 56±5,1лет), из них 37 (68,1%) мужчина, 17(31,9%) женщины .Вторая группа – пациенты, у которых ХОБЛ встречалась в сочетании с ХСН – 159 человек (средний возраст 58±7,9 лет), среди них лиц женского пола составило 56 человека (35,2%), а мужского103 человека (65,8%). Результаты: Выявлено, что частота пациентов ХОБЛ с наличием ХСН, госпитализированных в пульмонологическое отделения в связи с ухудшением состояния по основному заболеванию, в 2.1 раза относительно больных ХОБЛ без ХСН. У пациентов ХОБЛ с ХСН выявлен уровень ФВ являлся достоверно ниже -46,1±3,9%, относительно пациентов без ХСН, у которых ФВ в среднем составила 59,3±4,7 % (р<0,005). Среди пациентов с ХОБЛ и ХСН по оценке mMRC на 3 степень приходится более половины пациентов изучаемой группы, в сравнении с пациентами группы ХОБЛ без ХСН, где 3 степень была выявлена только у 7,4%. Вывод: выявлено, что более тяжелое течение ХОБЛ, сопровождающееся наибольшей степенью легочной гипертензией, фенотипа ХОБЛ, одышки по шкале mMRC, высокую частоту наличия факторов риска ССЗ, а также сниженной фракцией выброса было характерно для пациентов, которые имели такое сопутствующее заболевание, как ХСН.

Purpose. To evaluate the intensity of healing of an infected skin wound in rats using Trigonella foenum- graecum (Fenugreek) against the background of experimental steroid hyperglycemia.Materials and methods. The rats included in the study (n = 20) were divided into two equal groups. First, a model of steroid hyperglycemia was created for all animals. Then the same animals (n = 20) were used to create models of infected skin wound. The rats of the first group (the main one) were treated with wound surface ointment containing Trigonella foenum- graecum. Also, Trigonella foenum- graecum extract was constantly added to the water for the rats of the first group. Intact vaseline ointment was applied to the wound of the second group (control) rats. After 5 days, we evaluated the wound regeneration activity, blood glucose levels, and blood panel in all animals.Results. This study showed several positive aspects of the use of Trigonella foenum-g raecum in terms of treatment of infected skin wounds in animals with steroid hyperglycemia. The decrease in glucose levels almost to baseline values in the rats of the main group against the background of oral administration of Trigonella foenum-g raecum was recorded. By the end of the observation, the level of glycemia was almost two times less in animals of the first group compared to the second (p < 0.05). In animals of the first group, the number of leukocytes was higher compared to the second group, but this difference was not significant. However, we recorded a significant increase in the number of granulocytes by more than two times (p < 0.05), which indicates the immunomodulatory property of Trigonella foenum- graecum, which affected the regeneration activity of the infected wound in a positive way in rats of the first group.Conclusion. As a result of this study, promising prospects have been obtained for the use of the plant‑ derived drug Trigonella foenum- graecum in the correction of hyperglycemia and the treatment of infected wounds. Application of fenugreek topically in the form of an extract reduced inflammation and improved wound healing in rats suffering from steroid hyperglycemia.

Purpose. To evaluate the regeneration of an infected skin wound in experimental steroid hyperglycemia in rats.Materials and methods. Regeneration of an infected rat skin wound (n = 30) was evaluated on the background of steroid hyperglycemia. Depending on the type of wound surface treatment, all observed animals were divided into 3 groups: the first group (n = 10) was treated with an ointment containing Cymbopogon proximus per os administration; the second group (n = 10) was treated with an ointment containing sodium fusidate 2 %; the third group (n = 10, control) the wound was treated with vaseline. After five days, local changes in the wound area and the activity of its regeneration were evaluated. We also studied the blood changes: the composition of the shaped elements and the content of total protein, albumins, transaminase activity (ALT, AST), total cholesterol, urea and creatinine.Results. The use of Cymbopogon proximus orally by rats of the first group, with induced diabetes mellitus, contributes to a decrease in serum glucose levels by almost two times compared with the second and third groups. Ointment containing Cymbopogon proximus has immunomodulatory properties: it prevents the development of leukopenia, promotes the activation of agranular immunocytes. The use of Cymbopogon proximus extract has a positive effect on the rate of wound regeneration due to several factors: reduction of hyperemia and edema, stimulation of leukocyte activity, and as a consequence activation of regeneration. We did not find a significant difference in the rate of wound regeneration when treated with an ointment based on Cymbopogon proximus extract and an ointment containing sodium fusidate (p > 0.05).Conclusion. The regeneration activity of an infected wound in rats with steroid hyperglycemia does not significantly differ when treated with antimicrobial ointment and Cymbopogon proximus. The extract of Cymbopogon proximus has a double effect in vivo: it reduces glucose levels and promotes wound healing in the condition of hyperglycemia, which is promising in the treatment of complications in diabetes mellitus.

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride in combination with tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer.Materials and methods. The study included mongrel white rats (n = 30). A model of carcinogenesis (Walker 256 tumors) was created for all animals. Then we divided these rats into 3 equal groups: 1 control group (n = 10) - animals were monitored without treatment; 2 group (n = 10) - animals received neoadjuvant therapy: liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride + cyclophosphan; 3 group (n = 10) - animals received neoadjuvant therapy with doxorubicin hydrochloride (non-liposomal) and cyclophosphan. Animals of the second and third groups received two cycles of neoadjuvant therapy. All animals were monitored for 1.5 months. We evaluated the effectiveness of antitumor therapy by measuring the size of tumors, the dynamics of their regression, and counting the number of metastases in the lungs. The toxic effects of doxorubicin hydrochloride were assessed by blood parameters: platelet and lymphocyte levels.Results. We recorded a significant inhibition of the growth of tumor nodes in the second group of rats on the 25th day from the start of the experiment compared with the first and third groups: 36004.7, 86112.1 and 38962.4 mm³, respectively. By the end of the 3rd week of the experiment, we also noted the formation of a tumor regression trend in the 2nd and 3rd groups of animals, which was reliably maintained until the end of the observation. At the end of the experiment, the number of metastases in the first group of animals was 3 times more, in the third group almost 1.5 times more than in the second (p < 0.05)Conclusion. The treatment of Walker 256 tumor with liposomal doxorubicin showed better efficacy and safety in comparison with non-liposomal doxorubicin. The tumor volume becomes smaller against the background of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride compared with its non-liposomal form, while there is no pronounced decrease in platelets and lymphocytes. We also recorded a significantly lower number of lung metastases in animals of the second group compared to other groups.

Among malignant neoplasms of women, breast cancer (BC) takes the leading place and is the cause of high mortality and complications. Side effects in the form of anemia, thrombocytopenia, bleeding, etc. often develop during cytostatic therapy, which is the main method of treatment and prevention of further development of the oncological process. In this regard, the problem of reducing side metabolic disorders remains relevant and creates a search field for the use of drugs aimed at stabilizing functions, both at the cellular and organ levels. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cytostatic drugs on thrombocytopoiesis in rats with WALKER-256 carcinoma. The study included 60 rats, which, depending on the type of treatment, were divided into 5 groups. A week after the start of chemotherapy, the greatest increase in the number of platelets was in the presence of liposomal ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate. We recorded that the myeloprotective effect was 1/3 better in liposomal ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate compared to its non-liposomal form. Therefore, individuals those receiving cytostatic drugs in the treatment of breast cancer need protection from myelopoiesis. In the studies carried out by us, it was shown that oxidative stress occurred in animals against the background of treatment with cytostatics. It was its rapid development that caused damage to the platelet cell membranes. In this regard, we have proposed a drug with a pronounced antioxidant efficacy. The introduction of an antioxidant into the generally accepted standard treatment of a tumor process has made it possible to experimentally select methods for delivering the drug to the targets of damage using liposomal forms. The study obtained data proving the effectiveness of the use of liposomal ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (50 mg / kg), in contrast to its free form, which prevents the development of thrombocytopenia induced by the administration of cytostatic drugs to rats with Walker-256 carcinoma.

Among the malignant neoplasms of the hepatobiliary zone, gallbladder cancer (GBC) is rare. The incidence of GBC is highest in patients over 65 years of age. In the early stages GBC rarely has clinical manifestations, and often occurs under the guise of other gastroenterological diseases, and is often an accidental finding. Since GBC tends to show high dissemination, at the time of diagnosis, almost every second patient has an advanced form of the disease that is not the subject to surgical treatment. Most authors tend to believe that the use of combined treatment of GBC (extended resection and adjuvant chemotherapy) significantly increases the survival rate of patients. Currently, about 1/3 of patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of GBC. This is due to a small number of prospective randomized trials. Today, most experts recognize that surgery is the only treatment that can be performed in patients with early stages of prostate cancer. At the same time, a reduction in the risk of complications and a large percentage of five- and ten-year survival are achieved. Traditional cholecystectomy can be used to treat stage 1a PCa, this is possible if PC is accidentally found during surgical treatment of GSD. Unfortunately, prostate cancer and bile ducts belongs to the group of malignant neoplasms, in which most patients are unable to perform radical surgical treatment due to for the rapid dissemination of the process. When determining the tactics of patient supervision, it is necessary to take into account the prognostic factors of overall survival in prostate cancer: the type of surgery, the patient's age and sex, the size of the tumor, the presence of metastases in the regional lymph nodes, the presence of adjuvant chemotherapy. There is still a dispute between specialists about the appointment of adjuvanted chemotherapy to patients after surgical treatment of prostate cancer. Many authors acknowledge that adjuvant chemotherapy plays a positive role in improving patient survival after surgery. RAD is recognized as a chemosensitive cancer. Several drugs are active in relation to RS, used for adjuvant chemotherapy: fluorouracil, gemcitabine, mitomycin, cisplatin, capecitabine, epirubicin, and oxaliplatin. This article provides an overview of current research that is aimed at studying the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with verified GBC of various stages.