Boedi Setiawan

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global health concern affecting humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria threatens the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and poses serious public health risks. This review aims to describe the occurrence and distribution of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli across humans, animals, wildlife, and environmental sources using a One Health perspective. A literature review approach was conducted by collecting scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 from international and national databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on relevance to antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli within human, animal, and environmental contexts. The reviewed studies indicate that Escherichia coli isolates frequently show resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. Multidrug resistant strains and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria have been reported in clinical samples, livestock, companion animals, wildlife, and environmental samples including wastewater and river water. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of antimicrobial resistance transmission between humans, animals, and the environment. Integrated surveillance and responsible antibiotic use are essential to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the One Health approach

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to global health, affecting both human and animal health sectors. Antibiotic resistance can be found in both healthy and diseased animals and may also be detected in their owners. Close interaction between humans and their pets, particularly dogs, can facilitate the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is one of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is an ESBL-producing bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of living organisms, including humans and dogs. Infections caused by E. coli may lead to diseases, such as urinary tract infections. Infections involving antibiotic-resistant E. coli result in more difficult and prolonged treatment. This study aimed to detect ESBL-producing E. coli in dogs transported through Juanda International Airport. Rectal swabs were collected as samples. Bacterial identification was performed using EMB agar, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Confirmation of ESBL-producing E. coli was performed using the double-disk synergy test (DDST). The results showed that 75.22% (85/113) were positive for E. coli, with 2.6% (3/113) confirmed as ESBL-producing by DDST.

Background and Aim: Mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin-A (OTA), induces immunosuppression and compromises vaccine efficacy, leading to substantial economic losses in broiler production. Avian influenza (AI) remains endemic in several poultry-producing regions, where vaccination is the primary control strategy. However, impaired immune responses due to mycotoxin exposure frequently result in vaccination failure. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combined mycotoxin-detoxifier containing bentonite and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans in restoring humoral immune responses to AI vaccination and mitigating histopathological lesions in broilers exposed to AFB1 and OTA. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control (C−), positive control (C+), treatment 1 (T1; 1.1 g/kg detoxifier), and treatment 2 (T2; 1.6 g/kg detoxifier). Groups C+, T1, and T2 received feed contaminated with AFB1 and OTA (0.1 mg/kg each). Birds were vaccinated against AI at 7 days with a booster at 21 days. Antibody titers were measured by hemagglutination inhibition at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. Histopathological evaluations of the proventriculus and bursa of Fabricius were conducted on day 35. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were applied with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Antibody titers were significantly reduced in the mycotoxin-exposed group (C+) compared to the negative control (C−) at all post-vaccination time points. Supplementation with the detoxifier significantly improved antibody titers, particularly in T2, with values comparable to those of the negative control. Histopathological analysis revealed severe inflammatory cell infiltration, oxyntico-peptic cell necrosis, and degeneration in C+, whereas T1 and T2 groups demonstrated significant amelioration of lesions, with T2 showing the greatest protective effect. Similarly, lymphoid follicle depletion and necrosis in the bursa of Fabricius were markedly reduced in detoxifier-treated groups. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with a mycotoxin-detoxifier, particularly at 1.6 g/kg, effectively mitigates the immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 and OTA, enhances humoral responses to AI vaccination, and reduces histopathological damage in broilers. This strategy represents a practical and effective approach to improving poultry health and vaccine performance under mycotoxin-contaminated conditions. Keywords: aflatoxin B1, avian influenza, bentonite, broiler chickens, humoral immunity, mycotoxin-detoxifier, ochratoxin-A, Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans.

The frequency of canary imports continues to increase every year. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that threatens human and animal health worldwide. Human interaction with birds as pets is a public health concern because it has the potential to increase zoonotic diseases. This study was conducted to identify the antibiotic resistance of E. coli using fecal swab samples of imported canaries from Malaysia. Samples were grown on an EMBA medium for the isolation test, Gram staining test, and IMViC test were performed to continue the identification test -Kirby-Bauer diffusion test - to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, the sample examination results showed 18% (27/150) were positive for E. coli, 16% (24/150) showed the highest resistance to tetracycline, 15,33% (23/150) amoxicillin, 12,66% (19/150) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 6% (9/150) ciprofloxacin, and 14,66% (22/150) isolates were confirmed MDR because they were resistant to three to four antibiotics. Further efforts are needed to understand and address the factors that lead to antibiotic resistance in the context of animal and public health. Prudent management of antibiotic use and monitoring of antibiotic resistance needs to be improved to maintain animal health and prevent the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria to humans.

Strategic infectious animal diseases have a great impact on the national economy as they may cause great economic loss, public anxiety, and high mortality. In Indonesia, among the diseases considered as strategic infectious animal diseases is foot and mouth disease (FMD). This study reported the incidence of strategic infectious animal diseases in Balongpanggang district during 2023. Throughout 2023, FMD only accounted for 4% of the total diseases of the year and was the only strategic infectious animal disease reported that year. Meanwhile, bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) incidence reached 57% (876/1546) of the total diseases in beef cattle in 2023. In addition to BEF, official veterinary services reported a total case of 1546 throughout 2023 that comprises; diarrhea (99), limping (24), helminthiasis (91), ectoparasite (11), hematochezia (3), wound (3), mastitis (4), allergy (1), dystocia (28), vaginal prolapse (11), dermatitis (45), enteritis (27), tympani (11), scabiosis (122), arthritis (67), ophthalmic problem (11), endometritis (1), uterine retention (13), indigestion (2), pneumonia (21), hypoglycemia (5), abscess (21), ovariohysterectomy (1), orchitis (1), intoxication (1), and papilloma (1). In conclusion, the only strategic infectious animal disease reported in 2023 in Balongpanggang was FMD with the incidence as high as 3% as compared to the non-strategic infectious animal diseases, BEF, which reached 54% of the total cases during 2023.

Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the only known hosts that excrete resistant oocysts. Wild rats serve as crucial reservoirs and intermediate hosts for T. gondii’s survival and dissemination. Consuming soil and water containing oocysts can lead to illness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in wild rats through molecular detection as an indicator of environmental contamination in Surabaya. Materials and Methods: One hundred rats were collected from the three areas (housing, dense settlements, and traditional markets) and distributed into the five zones: West, East, Central, North, and South of Surabaya. Brain tissue samples were extracted using a Geneaid™ (New Taipei City, Taiwan) DNA isolation kit and analyzed through the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. Results: The study analyzed brain tissue from 100 wild rats, consisting of 77 Rattus tanezumi and 33 Rattus norvegicus, displaying 30% LAMP positivity. The study revealed that 30% (30/100) of wild rats tested were infected with T. gondii. The molecular prevalence rate in male rats was 32.35% (22/68), compared to females with 25% (8/32). 41.9% of the housing population, 33.3% of traditional markets, and 22.6% of dense settlements had the highest molecular prevalence. The high positive molecular rate at the trapping site can be attributed to cats and dense populations. Conclusion: Thirty percentage wild rats were tested positive for toxoplasmosis in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia using LAMP method. Implementing strict control and monitoring is crucial in preventing the transmission of diseases from wild rats to humans. It is necessary to carry out further research related to genetic analysis of T. gondii to determine the type of T. gondii that infects animals and humans in Surabaya through bioassay and molecular test. Keywords: loop-mediated isothermal amplification, public health, tissue cyst, toxoplasmosis, wild rats.

Cryptosporidiosis is a waterborne zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium, which is a parasite that causes infection of the small intestine and leads to acute diarrhea in both humans and animals. Wild rats (Rattus spp.) are known to carry many zoonotic pathogens including Cryptosporidium. Given their close proximity to humans in urban environments, the likelihood of disease transmission is high. This study aims to detect the Cryptosporidium spp. infection in wild rats in Surabaya City, East Java Province. Intestinal fecal samples were collected using necropsy. The flotation test and Ziehl-Neelsen stain were used to observe the presence of Cryptosporidium under the microscope. The results showed that 69 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. in the oocyst stage, which appeared dark pink with a clear cavity and the size of the oocysts ranged from 2-6 μm. The high incidence of cryptosporidiosis in wild rats is a potential health threat to both animals and humans.

Ramadhani BF, Yuliani MGA, Hendarti GA, Palupi TDW, Rosyada ZNA, Soeharsono, Luqman EM, Srianto P, Dhamayanti Y, Setiawan B. 2024. Short Communication: Photogrammetric analysis of the number and pattern of dorsal cranium scale of juvenile green iguana (Iguana iguana). Biodiversitas 25: 264-268. Pet animals can significantly positively impact mental health and reduce feelings of loneliness. Due to the large number of pets under care, there is a need for an efficient and effective method of pet identification. Thus, this study aims to identify changes in the dorsal cranium scale of juvenile green iguana (Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758)) less than one year old. Dorsal cranium scales of juvenile green iguanas identified the number and pattern. Photo identification was examined for 18 green iguanas four times from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, at 12 weeks old, 14 weeks old, 16 weeks old, and 18 weeks old. The photo was taken on a studio set, focusing on the cranium of the green iguana to get the scale pattern correctly. Photo identification was taken to find scale number and pattern determinants by analyzing the app I³S. We collated and analyzed the weekly data to test hypotheses using repeated measure ANOVA analysis in IBM SPSS 23. The data showed that the number of scales of the dorsal cranium was stable during the four photos taken, and each individual could be the same in the number of scales. The pattern of dorsal cranium scales has a stagnant pattern for each individual, and each individual is different at scale patterns, so photo identification as individual identification is possible. However, it is not possible to use it to identify the age of the iguana.

Background: According to the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, broiler meat production in 2020 decreased by 6.3% from the previous year. Several factors can influence chicken productivity, one of which is cage management. The cage has a vital role in success because the comfort of the cage will result in maximum chicken productivity. Aim: To compare the productivity of broiler chickens reared using Closed House and Open House cage systems in the same partnership based on the value of Feed Conversion Ratio, Mortality, and Index Performance. Methods: Data collection was carried out using the literature and observative methods, namely direct observation on two farms using a Closed House and an Open House cage system in Trenggalek Regency in April 2021. Results: A FCR value of Closed House system cages has an FCR value of 1.416, whereas the Open House system was 1.605. The mortality of broiler chickens reared in the Open House system was 842, and in the closed house system was 572. The index performance of broiler chickens raised in the Closed House system was 366.5, whereas in an Open House system, the index performance was 319.4. Conclusion: The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Mortality, and Index Performance Index (IP) value of broiler chickens reared in the Closed House system cage was higher than those in the Open House system cage.

Varanus salvator is one of the reptiles being hunted by human beings for several purposes, including traditional medicine. The studies about reproductive biology aspects were limited. This study aimed to determine the morphology, histology, and histometry of V. salvator paryphasmata and hemibaculum based on Snout-Vent Length (SVL) as an indicator of sexual maturity. This study examined 18 pairs of hemipenis of V. salvator with SVL more and less than 40 cm in equal number. Paryphasmata and hemibaculum parts were observed visually and micro-sliced, then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). The histological observation was conducted under a 40×, 100×, and 400× magnification of a light microscope. The histometry of the paryphasmata was examined using 13 Megapixels Coolpad and OptiLab Plus for microscopic pictures. The chondrocyte cell area was measured using the Optilab Plus and Image Raster three applications. The sizes of glans of hemipenis, paryphasmata, and hemibaculum increased according to the increasing of SVL. The average paryphasmata row number, epidermis, and loose connective tissue thickness were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, dense connective tissue was thicker (p < 0.05), which corresponds to SVL. Hemibaculum was composed of fibrous and hyaline cartilage characterized by chondrocyte cells. The SVL also affects (p < 0.05) the ossification of hyaline in hemipenis, while the chondrocyte cell area followed the equation −1.87E7 + 7.09E5* SVL. The SVL size of V. salvator affects the paryphasmata, hemibaculum, thickness of dense connective tissue of paryphasmata, and the area of chondrocyte cells.