Tasawar Abbas

This paper examines steady‐state two‐dimensional heat and mass transfer for a Newtonian fluid in a square cavity with porous medium effects under free surface conditions, incorporating entropy generation. There are four boundary conditions of the square cavity: an adiabatic bottom wall, constant left, right, and top walls. The governing equations for mass, momentum, energy, and concentration are developed under the Boussinesq approximation and modified to include porosity effects, Darcy drag, and Forchheimer resistance. These equations are made dimensionless using appropriate transformations involving Rayleigh, Prandtl, and Schmidt numbers. The velocity field is represented using the stream function‐vorticity formulation and solved using SOR and ADI techniques. A 71×71 mesh is found to be optimal, ensuring grid independence. Key results, including average and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, are estimated to evaluate heat and mass transfer characteristics, and the entropy generation rate is computed to assess thermodynamic efficiency. The analysis highlights the effects of porosity, Marangoni effects, and wall heating on flow behaviour, thermal transport, and entropy generation. The results are valuable for understanding heat and mass transfer in porous systems and optimising energy efficiency in industrial applications such as heat exchangers, thermal management systems, and porous media‐based devices.