Vs Shchekin

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated iron-dependent cell death driven by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and the disruption of redox homeostasis. This review systematizes current data on the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of major urological malignancies, including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma. The relationship between the specific metabolic profile of genitourinary tumors and their susceptibility to lipid peroxidation is analyzed. Mechanisms of ferroptosis suppression associated with androgen receptor activity, intracytoplasmic lipid metabolism, and the functioning of antioxidant defense systems are examined. Special emphasis is placed on the morphological criteria and ultrastructural features that enable the verification of ferroptosis in tumor tissue.

Background. The extracellular matrix plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and bone tissue regeneration by defining the conditions for cell differentiation and intercellular interactions. The native extracellular matrix is a complex three-dimensional network of structural proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that provide mechanical support to cells and transmit regulatory signals. 2D-culture systems do not reproduce the complex organization of the cellular microenvironment; therefore, the development of 3D-systems for bone tissue differentiation and remodeling in vitro remains an important challenge. Objective. To evaluate the biocompatibility of the hydrogel based on a tissue extract of uterine leiomyoma and its potential to regulate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in mono- and co-culture with endothelial cells. Materials and Methods. The tissue extract of uterine leiomyoma was obtained using a modified protocol originally developed for producing Matrigel®. Osteoblasts were cultured within the hydrogel in mono- and co-culture with endothelial cells under osteogenic conditions. Cell viability and morphology were assessed by live-cell microscopy. Mineralization of the extracellular matrix was evaluated using Alizarin Red S staining. Results. The hydrogel based on tissue extract of uterine leiomyoma demonstrated high biocompatibility toward osteoblasts, supporting their viability, promoting differentiation into osteocyte-like cells, and enhancing extracellular matrix mineralization. In co-culture with endothelial cells, these effects were further enhanced, indicating the important role of intercellular interactions. Conclusion. The hydrogel based on tissue extract of uterine leiomyoma represents a promising 3D culture model for the studying osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts.

Prostate cancer ranks among the most prevalent malignancies in men, with disease progression driven by sustained androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which suppresses androgen synthesis and AR activation, serves as the standard treatment for advanced disease. ADT modalities include surgical castration, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists/antagonists, anti-androgens, and androgen synthesis inhibitors. Despite initial efficacy, long-term ADT is frequently complicated by the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and multi-system toxicities involving metabolic, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. CRPC arises from AR reactivation via gene amplification, mutation, splice variants and crosstalk with oncogenic pathways. Contemporary treatment intensification combines ADT with next-generation AR inhibitors, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Predictive biomarkers such as AR variant 7 and homeobox B13 facilitate patient stratification and individualized treatment decisions. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of ADT in prostate cancer management, with particular emphasis on androgen metabolism, AR signaling, mechanisms of castration resistance, ADT-related complications, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Based on systematic literature retrieval from PubMed and Embase (2018–2025), this review synthesizes current knowledge on androgen metabolism, AR signaling, CRPC mechanisms, ADT-related complications, and emerging therapeutic strategies to optimize long-term outcomes.

Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis (idiopathic giant cell myocarditis) represents one of the most malignant forms of non-rheumatic inflammatory heart disease. It is typically diagnosed in young and middle-aged patients and is characterized by rapidly progressive heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, and thromboembolic complications. The present clinical observation is of particular interest due to the development of Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis in an elderly patient, which is uncommon for this condition. An 80-year-old male was admitted with a clinical picture of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. On admission, he presented with severe retrosternal chest pain, hypotension, dyspnea, and signs of acute left ventricular failure. Laboratory tests revealed markedly elevated troponin and cytolytic enzymes. Electrocardiography demonstrated ST-segment elevation in the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle, while coronary angiography showed only a 30 % stenosis of the right coronary artery with preserved coronary flow. Despite intensive therapy, the patient developed cardiogenic shock and died on the second day of illness. Post-mortem examination revealed extensive myocardial inflammatory lesions with dystrophic and necrotic changes of cardiomyocytes, massive mixed-cell infiltration, and the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemical staining using CD68 antibodies confirmed the macrophage origin of the infiltrating elements, consistent with the diagnosis of giant cell myocarditis. This clinical case highlights the diagnostic challenges of atypical Abramov–Fiedler myocarditis in elderly patients, where the presentation may closely mimic acute coronary syndrome. The findings emphasize the importance of maintaining clinical vigilance for inflammatory myocardial diseases in older individuals and underscore the decisive role of morphological and immunohistochemical confirmation in establishing the diagnosis.

Background. Acute myocardial injury (AMI) is a universal pathological process that complicates both cardiac and non-cardiac pathologies. However, understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the various types of AMI remains insufficient. One of the current concepts for the development of AMI is the regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which mediates apoptosis and the adaptive response to injury. However, the patterns of its activation in the myocardium in various clinical situations remain poorly understood. Aim. To evaluate and compare the expression of ubiquitin and the deubiquitinating enzymes USP28/USP40 in patients who have suffered acute myocardial injury of various etiologies. Materials and methods. As part of a single-center prospective cohort study (RNF-NSFC "Assessment of the Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Development of Cardioprotective Agents", 2024–2026), three clinical cases were analyzed at the Clinic of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Bashkir State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Ufa) during the period 2024–2025. The analysis assessed and compared the dynamics of UPS activity depending on the mechanism of myocardial injury. Results. Different causes of acute myocardial infarction demonstrate differential involvement of UPS components in the pathogenesis of coronary and non-coronary myocardial injury. IHC staining of ubiquitin in clinical cases demonstrates overexpression in the perifocal necrotic zone compared to areas more distant from necrosis, and moderate cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in myocardium without acute ischemic injury. Conclusion. The prospects for further study of ubiquitin and deubiquitinating enzymes (USP28, USP40) in the search for potential targets for differential diagnosis and targeted therapy of AMI of various etiologies have been determined.

Background. Prostate cancer is the most common malignant disease in men. Obtaining high quality and diagnostically accurate tissue samples is paramount to the success of prostate cancer research. Collecting unfixed tissues from radical prostatectomy specimens for research purposes is challenging. Prostate cancer often cannot be detected on gross examination, and this tumor is known to be multifocal and heterogeneous making it of interest for interdisciplinary research.Aim. To develop a protocol that will improve the accuracy and quantity of biobanked primary prostate cancer tissue.Materials and methods. The removed unfixed prostate gland was dissected with a blade into two halves along the ureter, the tumor lesion was identified macroscopically, two sections were made: the first was separated into fragments and transferred into cryotubes and transport media for biobanking storage; the second was filled with gel, and frozen sectioning and histological verification of the tumor were performed.Results. Tumor was detected in frozen sections in 78.95 % (30/38) of cases. The mean time from organ removal from the abdominal cavity to macroscopic evaluation was 8–10 minutes, and the total time for histological verification was 30 minutes. The quality control performed on the biobanked material confirms that the developed protocol guarantees that both tumors and normal tissues are represented for further studies.Conclusion. This paper outlines a method for biobanking fresh prostate tissue removed during radical prostatectomy. The advantage of the method is the use of tissue samples both for diagnosis and for further study at the cellular and molecular levels.

Morphological subchondral bone tissue alterations associated with knee osteoarthritis represent a key pathogenesis link and can precede articular cartilage destruction. The study aimed to identify typical morphological and morphometric signs of osteosclerosis and osteoporosis in the subchondral zone of the femur and tibia. Analysis of 40 bone tissue fragments collected when performing knee replacement surgery in 20 patients (12 females and 8 males) aged 58–75 years with stage III–IV osteoarthritis was performed. Histological and morphometric assessment involving the use of light microscopy and microfracture index (MFI) calculation revealed significant differences in trabecular thickness, intertrabecular distance, and the degree of microdamage between the sites of sclerosis and osteoporosis. High MFI values in the zones of osteoporosis can reflect reduced subchondral bone strength. The findings confirm the diagnostic value of the subchondral zone morphometry and the prospects of using MFI as a quantitative risk criterion when planning orthopedic treatment.

Introduction. The use of synthetic drugs is associated with a number of side effects. When choosing a therapy to correct symptoms and treat dental diseases such as stomatitis, periodontitis, gingivitis, cheilitis, it is preferable to use herbal medicines in combination with traditional therapy, which would improve the resistance of periodontal tissues to pathogenic microorganisms. Herbal preparations are highly effective and well tolerated, which allows them to be used in modern medicine.Aim. To develop a medicinal collection with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects.Materials and methods. The following substances and reagents were used as research materials: Achilleae millefolii herba, Bidentis tripartitaе herba, Alni fructus, Anisi vulgaris fructus in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, diclofenac sodium, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffer, sodium citrate, luminol, iron (II) sulfate, heparinized blood, zymosan, saline solution, 2 % formalin solution, 10 % neutral formalin solution, hematoxylin, eosin. Antimicrobial activity was studied by comparing growth retardation of pathogenic microorganisms, antioxidant activity was studied on a chemoluminometer HLM-003 (Russia), hematological tests on mice were carried out using the ImageJ software package, Sysmex KX-21N (Sysmex, Japan), Leica RM 2145 microscope (Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH, Germany), binocular microscope Leica CME (Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH, Germany).Results and discussion. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing and antimicrobial activities of the plant herbal mixture was carried out. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that the herbal mixture has moderate antioxidant, wound healing and pronounced anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the comparison drug.Conclusion. A herbal mixture has been developed that has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and regenerating effects.

Introduction. In pathological practice, one of the primary histochemical methods for detecting early ischemic damage to cardiomyocytes is staining with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP), commonly known as the Lie method. HBFP staining results in red-brown staining of the sarcoplasm of ischemic cardiomyocytes due to basic fuchsin, while intact myocytes appear yellow due to picric acid. However, critical evaluations have raised concerns about using the Lie method in postmortem diagnosis. Therefore, to improve the diagnosis of early ischemic damage, it appears reasonable to supplement the Lie method with an equally accessible and informative histochemical approach, which is why our study included the Mallory staining method, as this technique employs acid fuchsin, but differs in its staining profile from the Lie method. Materials and methods. The study was performed using autopsy and experimental materials. The autopsy material included 23 samples of various nosologies accompanied by acute heart failure. The experimental material included 50 rats, in which two types of experiments modeled acute myocardial injury. The first one was conducted on 22 rats, in which ischemia was induced by perfusion arrest in isolated hearts using the Langendorff method. In the other 28 animals, ischemic injury was stimulated through forced swimming with a load until exhaustion. Results. Both Mallory and Lie staining methods allow for identifying a fuchsinophilic substrate indicative of ischemic damage to cardiomyocytes of various origins in both autopsy and experimental materials. Damaged cardiomyocytes positively stained with basic fuchsin appeared red-brown against an intact yellow background, while Mallory staining produced orange-red against a red-purple background. In the experimental models, the results of both staining methods were in full agreement, with Mallory staining demonstrating high sensitivity (96.88%) and specificity (92.31%). In sectional observations, staining results were consistent between the two methods in 82% of cases. Additionally, Mallory staining revealed areas of fibrosis when aniline blue was employed. Conclusion. Mallory trichrome staining can serve as a supplementary method for verifying ischemic myocardial damage in both autopsy and experimental materials. Beyond detecting early signs of ischemia, it also enables the assessment of chronic myocardial ischemia via visualization of fibrotic changes. The method is reproducible and accessible in everyday practice. Keywords: HBFP staining, Mallory staining, myocardial ischemia

At the present stage of medical science, an increasing role in the pathogenesis of various groups of diseases is assigned to the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and posttranslational modifications of proteins. One of these mechanisms is ubiquitylation, which is able to regulate the functional activity of proteins, their stability, and also influence the processes of cell death. Involvement in a large number of metabolic pathways and presently identified associations with oncological, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases makes ubiquitylation of the enzymes involved a promising target to develop new therapy options. In this review, we consider the effect of ubiquitination on the development of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous systems, diabetes mellitus, as well as the development of possible treatment options.