Elham Khanniri

Background and Aims: Acne vulgaris is a frequent skin disorder, affecting a large part of the population worldwide, and strongly influencing not only the physical but also the mental aspects of health. The choice of therapy for acne vulgaris is a very difficult one because the multifactorial causality of the disease and interindividual variability in response to treatment should be considered. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the drugs used in the treatment of acn\e vulgaris, along with their chemical structure. Methods: A comprehensive search of relevant databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus) was conducted using keywords such as “acne vulgaris”, “chemical structure”, “mode of action”, and “structure–activity relationship”. We reviewed articles published up to 2025. The authors reviewed articles that discussed the chemical structure and structure–activity relationships of drugs used in the treatment of acne vulgaris. In addition, articles on acne vulgaris pharmacotherapy were also reviewed. Results: In this review, all the current modalities for the management of acne vulgaris are presented and grouped according to their chemical nature, including topical applications and systemic administration. In this light, we go further into the mechanism of action of each treatment, its efficacy and safety, and possible side effects. New therapeutic agents targeting the skin microbiome, inflammation, and hormonal imbalance are also a focus. We finally propose one step for choosing an optimum therapy based on the subject's constitution, the severity of post‐acne scarring, and associated comorbidities. Conclusion: The present review would benefit general physicians in adapting their management to treat zits and pimples for the improvement of their patients, with particular importance given to the knowledge of the chemical structures of various drugs.

In recent years, lipophilic bioactive compounds have gained much attention due to their wide range of health-benefiting effects. However, their low solubility and susceptibility to harsh conditions such as high temperatures and oxidation stress have limited their potential application for the development of functional foods and nutraceutical products in the food industry. Nanoencapsulation can help to improve the stability of hydrophobic bioactive compounds and protect these sensitive compounds during food processing conditions, thus overcoming the limitation of their pure use in food products. The objective of this work was to co-entrap vitamin D₃ (VD₃) and omega 3 (ω3) as hydrophobic bioactive compounds providing significant health benefits in beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles (BW. SLNs) for the first time and to investigate the effect of different concentrations of VD₃ (5 and 10 mg/mL) and ω₃ (8 and 10 mg) on encapsulation efficiency (EE). Our findings revealed that the highest EE was obtained for VD₃ and ω3 at concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg, respectively. VD₃/ω3 loaded BW. SLNs (VD₃/ω3-BW. SLNs) were prepared with zeta potential and size of-32 mV and 63.5 nm, respectively. Results obtained by in-vitro release study indicated that VD₃ release was lower compared to ω3 in the buffer solution. VD₃ and ω3 incorporated in BW. SLNs demonstrated excellent stability under alkaline and acidic conditions. At highly oxidizing conditions, 96.2 and 90.4% of entrapped VD₃ and ω3 remained stable in nanoparticles. Moreover, nanoparticles were stable during 1 month of storage, and no aggregation was observed. In conclusion, co-loaded VD₃ and ω3 in BW. SLNs have the great potential to be used as bioactive compounds in food fortification and production of functional foods.