Laila Nazir

This study aims to compare the performance and side effects of the subdermal implant JADELLE and intrauterine contraceptive device Copper-T as long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. The study design involved a comparative analysis of Jadelle and Copper-T contraceptives, assessing clinical performance and side effects. Sample data from 336 participants was collected using stratified random sampling, with standardized instruments for demographic information, clinical assessment, and contraceptive side effects. Inclusion criteria were reproductive-age multipara women, while exclusion criteria included primary para, preexisting medical disorders, nullipara, and other contraceptive use. Ethical guidelines were followed, ensuring informed consent, privacy, and the right to withdraw. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. SPSS (version 23.0) was used for analysis. The comparison between Group A (Jadelle) and Group B (Copper-T) reveals interesting findings. Group A has a higher mean age, but no significant differences in parity, blood pressure, or weight. Group B has more total and ongoing pregnancies. Group A experiences higher prevalence of side effects, including expulsion, infection, severe menstrual changes, pain or discomfort, and mood swings. Blood parameters show no significant differences. Variations exist in follow-up rates, informed consent, and privacy maintenance.

This study aims to compare the performance and side effects of the subdermal implant JADELLE and intrauterine contraceptive device Copper-T as long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. The study design involved a comparative analysis of Jadelle and Copper-T contraceptives, assessing clinical performance and side effects. Sample data from 336 participants was collected using stratified random sampling, with standardized instruments for demographic information, clinical assessment, and contraceptive side effects. Inclusion criteria were reproductive-age multipara women, while exclusion criteria included primary para, preexisting medical disorders, nullipara, and other contraceptive use. Ethical guidelines were followed, ensuring informed consent, privacy, and the right to withdraw. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. SPSS (version 23.0) was used for analysis. The comparison between Group A (Jadelle) and Group B (Copper-T) reveals interesting findings. Group A has a higher mean age, but no significant differences in parity, blood pressure, or weight. Group B has more total and ongoing pregnancies. Group A experiences higher prevalence of side effects, including expulsion, infection, severe menstrual changes, pain or discomfort, and mood swings. Blood parameters show no significant differences. Variations exist in follow-up rates, informed consent, and privacy maintenance.

Background and objective Cardiotocography (CTG) has been used more frequently in recent decades to reduce intrapartum fetal mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pathological or non-reactive CTG could predict a low Apgar (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration) score. An abnormal trace would indicate a distressed fetus, whereas a normal trace would indicate a well-oxygenated fetus. Methods This study included a total of 470 women with a gestational period of more than 37 weeks. Based on the results of their CTGs, they were divided into three groups. An emergency cesarean section (CS) was performed if there was any sign of fetal distress on CTG. The Apgar scoring for newborns was recorded in the proforma following delivery. Results The study was carried out at two major tertiary-care hospitals in Pakistan. A reactive CTG was found in more than one-third (39.36%) of the 470 patients. An Apgar score above 8 was obtained by 34.26% of the newborns, while an Apgar score below 8 was obtained by more than half (63.40%). Only 2.34% of newborns had an Apgar score below 6. A third (30.64%) of the patients had grade-1 meconium-stained liquor (MSL), 24.89% had grade-2 MSL, 19.79% had grade-3 MSL, and 24.68% had no MSL. One-third (32.34%) of the neonates were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) shortly after birth. When CTG was pathological or non-reactive, the odds of securing a higher Apgar score decreased by 70.45% (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.20-0.44; p<0.001). Conclusion The main conclusion drawn from this study's findings is that a pathological CTG is an indicator of a low Apgar score.