Mohammad Amirul Islam

Medicinal plants are widely used in diabetes management due to their multi‐targeted bioactive constituents. Phyllanthus emblica , Piper nigrum , Aegle marmelos , Moringa oleifera , and Azadirachta indica possess well‐documented antidiabetic properties, providing a scientific basis for developing a rationally designed polyherbal formulation. This study evaluated the basic phytochemical characterization, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and preliminary toxicity profiles of a polyherbal formulation (designated as [(AP) ₂ M]) in an alloxan‐induced type 1 diabetic mouse model. Polyphenolic (phenolic and flavonoid) contents, antioxidant activity (DPPH & metal‐chelating assays), and α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities were determined. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to OECD Guideline 423, with LD ₅₀ estimation to establish the preliminary toxicity profile and effective dosing. Diabetic mice received the formulation [(AP) ₂ M] (30–120 mg/kg) orally for 3 weeks, after which blood glucose, the lipid profile, SGPT, SGOT, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas were evaluated. The formulation exhibited substantial phenolic (111.52 ± 0.444 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (211.30 ± 5.129 mg CAE/g) contents together with strong antioxidant and antidiabetic enzyme inhibitory activity. Acute oral toxicity assessment estimated an LD ₅₀ of 900 mg/kg (GHS Category 4). At 120 mg/kg, it reduced blood glucose to a level comparable with glibenclamide and significantly improved lipid profile, SGPT, and SGOT levels ( p < 0.001). Histopathological examination demonstrated improvement in pancreatic, hepatic, and renal tissues. Since the formulation demonstrated promising antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic activities in a diabetic mouse model, it could be a potential alternative for further investigation as a complementary therapeutic approach for diabetes management.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered as a risk factor for kidney cancer (KC). However, so far, there is no study in the literature that has explored genetic factors through which T2D drive the development and progression of KC. Therefore, this study attempted to explore T2D- and KC-causing shared key genes (sKGs) for revealing shared pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs as their common treatments. Methods: The integrated bioinformatics and system biology approaches were utilized in this study. The statistical LIMMA approach was used based web-tool GEO2R to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through transcriptomics analysis. Then upregulated and downregulated DEGs for T2D and KC were combined to obtained shared DEGs (sDEGs) between T2D and KC. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of sDEGs. Then Cytohubba plugin-in Cytoscape were used in the PPI network to disclose the sKGs based on different topological measures. The RegNetwork database was used in NetworkAnalyst to analyze co-regulatory networks of sKGs with transcription factors (TFs) and micro-RNAs to identify key TFs and miRNAs as the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of sKGs, respectively. AutoDock Vina is a tool used for molecular docking. ADME/T properties were 24 assessed using pkCSM and SwissADME. Results: At first, 74 shared DEGs (sDEGs) were identified that can distinguish both KC and T2D patients from control samples. Through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, top-ranked 6 sDEGs (CD74, TFRC, CREB1, MCL1, SCARB1 and JUN) were detected as the sKGs that drive both KC and T2D development and progression. The most common sKG ‘CD74’ is associated with key pathways, such as NF-κB signaling transduction, apoptotic processes, B cell proliferation. Differential expression patterns of sKGs validated by independent datasets of NCBI database for T2D and TCGA and GTEx databases for KC. Furthermore, sKGs were found to be significant at several CpG sites in DNA methylation studies. Regulatory network analysis identified three TFs proteins (SMAD5, ATF1 and NR2F1) and two miRNAs (hsa-mir-1-3p and hsa-mir-34a-5p) as the regulators of sKGs. The enrichment analysis of sKGs with KEGG-pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms revealed some crucial shared pathogenetic mechanisms (sPM) between two diseases. Finally, sKGs-guided four potential therapeutic drug molecules (Imatinib, Pazopanib hydrochloride, Sorafenib and Glibenclamide) were recommended as the common therapies for KC with T2D. Conclusion: The results of this study may be useful resources for the diagnosis and therapy of KC with the co-existence of T2D.

The current study targeted the methanolic extract of Baccaurea motleyana to investigate the phytochemical, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial effects. The phytochemical analysis revealed promising amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins, measured at 134.28 ? 5.59 mg Gallic acid/g, 176.92 ? 4.12 mg Catechin/g, and 145.25 ? 4.44 mg Catechin/g, respectively. For determination of antioxidant effect using TAC and FRAP assays method, methanolic extract of Baccaurea motleyana leaf represented gradually increased reducing capacity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as notable free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated significant activity with LC50 found 628.56 ?g/ml. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella boydii, with inhibition zone of 12.9 ? 0.20 mm and 3.8 ? 0.29 mm at a concentration of 40?g, respectively. These findings suggest that methanolic extracts have significant amounts of phytochemical and antioxidant effects that help to fight against the free radical which could be used as a therapy for multifactorial illnesses. The result of the present study is on antimicrobial effects that could be potentially useful for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections. However, the cytotoxic assay requires further investigation to determine the appropriate medicinal dose and to better understand the specific mechanisms of action.

Background: The metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is a cluster of some interrelated common clinical disorders, including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Central obesity, accompanied by insulin resistance, is a key factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin is an adipose-specific plasma protein, secreted from adipocyte with anti-atherogenic and insulin-sensitizing activities. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship of plasma adiponectin levels with metabolic syndrome, related disorders and its drug repurposing through in silico approach. Materials and Methods: For this study, 269 individuals were recruited with written consent. The participants were selected based on their full medical history, clinical examination, and laboratory reports. Anthropometric measurements as well as blood pressure was measured before sample collection. Fasting blood samples were collected for the estimation of lipid profile, blood glucose, and serum adiponectin levels. Results: Our results show that the adiponectin levels in the subjects with Met-S were significantly lower than those of without Met-S (p <0.0001). Among the metabolic syndrome risk factors, adiponectin levels were associated with hypertriglyceridemia and reduced HDL-cholesterol (p<0.0001). Three drugs (Saquinavir, Candesartan and Glimepiride) were suggested to control the plasma adiponectin level in the subjects with Met-S. Conclusions: Since the plasma adiponectin levels are significantly lower in patients with Met-S, it might be used as diagnostic & prognostic marker for Met-S disorder and adiponectin targeted drugs might be minimize the Met-S of the subjects.

Background: Hygrophila schulli, a medicinal herb, has traditionally been used to treat a wide range of ailments such as diarrhoea, dysentery, and cough. The aim of this experiment was to seek the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the methanolic extract of H. schulli leaf (MEHL) by in vitro and in vivo study. Methods: Methanol was used as a solvent to extract H. schulli leaves. In vitro antioxidant activity of MEHL was determined by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay and in vitro antidiabetic activity was revealed by α-amylase inhibition assay and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. To explore in vivo antidiabetic properties, diabetes was induced in Swiss albno mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight. Swiss albino mice were separated into five groups (normal and diabetic) and orally treated with normal pellet diet, water (normal control and diabetic control), glibenclamide (5 mg/kg BW), and MEHL (100 and 200 mg/kg BW). Results: MEHL showed significant scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay (IC 50 value is 105.80 µg/mL and 27.47 µg/mL respectively). In the α-amylase inhibition assay, MEHL at a concentration of 120 g/mL inhibited α-amylase activity by 23.13%, furthermore, at 100 g/mL concentration of MEHL, 55.62% inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was detected. Diabetic mice treated with MEHL exhibited a significant decrease in blood glucose levels by 12.66%-33.45% from the 5th to the 21st day in the in vivo assay at a concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. MEHL significantly reduced the activity of serum SGPT and SGOT in diabetic mice as compared to the control group. In diabetic mice, the extract improved TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and VLDL levels as compared to untreated mice. Conclusion: The current study indicated that H. schulli leaf extract is a natural source of antioxidants, has substantial antidiabetic effects and enhances lipid profile markers in diabetic mice and may be utilized as an alternate therapy for diabetes control.

Aims: The current study aimed to explore in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vivo antidiabetic property of Citrus maxima leaf. Methods: Citrus maxima leaf extracts were prepared using methanol (MECML) and ethanol (EECML) in this study. Antioxidant capacity of both extracts was evaluated using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and ABTS free radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity of MECML and EECML was assessed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. To explore the in vivo antidiabetic property of MECML and EECML, diabetic mellitus (DM) was induced in Swiss albino mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Then diabetic mice were treated with both extracts for 28 days. Effects of both extracts on serum levels of glucose, liver function enzymes, and parameters of lipid profile associated with DM were evaluated. Results: In TAC and FRAP assays, MECML and EECML represented gradually increased reducing capacity in a dose-dependent manner. In DPPH and ABTS assays, both extracts showed notable free radical scavenging activity with lower IC50 values. Additionally, MECML and EECML showed very low toxicity with LC50 values of 80.46 and 105.59 μg/mL, respectively in brine shrimp lethality assay. Moreover, both extracts significantly augmented altered levels of serum glucose, parameters of lipid profile, SGPT, SGOT, and C-reactive protein with the treatment of MECML and EECML. Conclusion: This study suggests Citrus maxima leaf possesses significant antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and they might play a potential role to prevent diabetic mellitus and diabetic mellitus associated complications.

Background: Ficus racemosa, popularly known as the fig or cluster fig, is a traditional plant in the Moraceae family with various ethnomedical uses. However, the information of medicinal values of Bangladeshi grown Ficus racemosa fruit extracts using different solvent systems is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the present study was carried out to enrich the information of the medicinal property of Ficus racemosa fruit extract in terms of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antibacterial activity. Methods: Methanol, ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane and petroleum ether solvents were used to obtain five different types of mature Ficus racemosa fruit extract by Soxhlet extraction process. Antibacterial activity of each extract was determined by disc diffusion method whereas ethanol extract was tested to evaluate its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity by using alloxan-induced diabetic mice model. Results: At the end of 21 days of treatment, ethanol extract decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic mice by approximately 41% and 50% at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively, whereas at the same doses total cholesterol levels were decreased by approximately 16% and 17%, LDL reduced by 28% and 29%, HDL increased by 41% and 67% compared to the diabetic control group. The levels of SGPT, SGOT and CRP were also significantly (PPConclusion: The present study revealed strong anti-diabetic and antibacterial activity of the fig extract and therefore suggested that this fruit may play a potential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and various bacterial infections.