Hermenegildo Chaccara-Huachaca

El objetivo de la investigación ha sido determinar la relación significativa entre los factores motivacionales y el aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes de secundaria, que se realizó en la Institución Educativa de San Juan de Ayapampa, provincia de Andahuaylas y región de Apurímac, Perú. Esta investigación es de enfoque cuantitativo de nivel relacional y de diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La población y la muestra estuvo compuesta por 56 estudiantes desde primer grado hasta cuarto grado de secundaria en la asignatura de Ciencias Sociales de la institución educativa de San Juan de Ayapampa. Asimismo, para el recojo de los datos se aplicó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario y para el procesamiento de los datos se aplicó el programa SPSS 26. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un coeficiente de correlación de Spearman igual a 0.755, lo que demuestra que existe una relación positiva considerable entre los factores motivacionales y aprendizaje significativo. Por lo cual, se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre los factores motivacionales y el aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa de San Juan de Ayapampa.

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the sustainability of informal artisanal mining in the Peruvian Andean area until the year 2022. The research is basic and non-experimental in design and ex post facto in scope. The sample consisted of crime prevention statistics on socio-environmental conflict from guardianship institutions and a television program on mining. Our research procedure focused on gathering secondary information for a documentary review analysis based on past proven and disseminated facts. Informal artisanal mining is strengthened in the Peruvian Andean area due to the following influencing factors: support represented as the social license granted by communal assemblies; the flexibility of governmental management in relaxing compliance related to formalization and preventive laws regarding environmental protection; the resistance to formalization and the 50% increase in socio-environmental conflict; and the 25% increase in production costs related agricultural activities, which promotes the displacement towards mining activities. The environmental sustainability consequences are as follows: limited reconversion of agricultural land-use change in one-third of the communal territories at the headwaters of the basin, which generates the displacement of environmentally friendly economic activity, and a parallel positive action is the impossibility of modification or intervention affecting water surfaces and wetlands due to communal agreements that mining companies must respect during operation.

The purpose was to reflect on the sustainability of artisanal and informal mining in the Peruvian Andean zone by 2022. The type of research was basic, non-experimental design, ex post facto scope. The sample consisted of: statistics on crime prevention due to socio-environmental conflicts from the National Prosecutor's Office and the Ombudsman's Office, reports of interventions targeted at artisanal and informal miners. The procedure focused on gathering secondary information for a documentary review analysis that is based on proven and disseminated past facts. Artisanal and informal mining is strengthened in the Peruvian Andean zone by incidence and force: 1) the social license and agreements by community assembly, 2) the flexibility in compliance with the formalization, preventive and environmental protection laws, 3) the 50% increase in socio-environmental conflict due to mining activity, 4) a 25% progressive increase in the production costs of agricultural and livestock activities. The direct consequences on environmental sustainability are: 1) the delimited reconversion of the change in agricultural land use in a third of the communal territories in basin headwaters; 2) displacement of environmentally friendly economic activity by 20% in basin headwaters; 3) the impossibility of modification or intervention in water surfaces, bofedales by communal agreements.