Mudit Kumar

Because they control waste elimination, electrolyte composition, and fluid balance, kidneys are essential for preserving homeostasis. Acute and chronic kidney illnesses are largely caused by exposure to nephrotoxic substances, including medicines, environmental pollutants, and metabolic abnormalities. With a growing reliance on dialysis and a scarcity of kidney transplants, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing both globally and in India. Despite their effectiveness, conventional treatments can have negative side effects and are expensive. Because of their long history of traditional use, affordability, and safety, herbal and plant-based medicines are gaining popularity. This review thoroughly identifies medicinal plants that have been shown to have nephroprotective potential against kidney damage caused by drugs and toxins. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging mechanisms are the main ways that plants like Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Ginkgo biloba, Withania somnifera, and several others have nephroprotective benefits. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and glycosides are among the phytoconstituents that are accountable. The function of these medicinal herbs in maintaining renal structure and function is firmly supported by experimental and preclinical data. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of nephroprotective plants and encourages more research into them in order to create safer and more potent renal protective medicines.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the fastest-growing fields in various industries, including engineering, architecture, medical and clinical research, aerospace, and others. AI, which is a combination of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and human intelligence (HI), is revolutionizing drug discovery and development by making it more cost-effective and efficient. It is also being used in fields such as medicinal chemistry, molecular and cell biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, formulation development, and toxicology. AI plays a crucial role in clinical testing by enhancing patient stratification, patient sample evaluation, and trial design, assisting in the identification of biomarkers, determining efficacy criteria, dose selection, trial length, and target patient population selection. The primary objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of AI in clinical trials and drug development, while also exploring the existing challenges and potential advancements in AI within the healthcare industry. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, covering the period from 1998 to 2023. The Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant information. A variety of publications, including Research Gate, Nature, MDPI, and Springer Link, provided pertinent data. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the use of AI in clinical research and drug development, as well as its potential and limitations. We also discuss the benefits and main data limitations of the traditional trial and drug development approach. AI approaches are currently being used to overcome research obstacles and eliminate conceptual or methodological limitations. After discussing possible obstacles and coping mechanisms, we provide several recommendations to help individuals understand the challenges and difficulties associated with clinical research and drug development. It is essential for pharmaceutical companies to have a cutting-edge AI strategy if AI is to become a routine tool for clinical research and drug development.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are spherical vesicles composed of ionizable lipids that are neutral at physiological pH. Despite their benefits, unmodified LNP drug delivery systems have substantial drawbacks, including a lack of targeted selectivity, a short blood circulation period, and in vivo instability. lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) are the next generation of nanoparticles, having the combined benefits of polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. LPHNPs are being prepared from both natural and synthetic polymers with various techniques, including one- or two-step methods, emulsification solvent evaporation (ESE) method, and the nanoprecipitation method. Varieties of LPHNPs, including monolithic hybrid nanoparticles, core–shell nanoparticles, hollow core–shell nanoparticles, biomimetic lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and polymer-caged liposomes, have been investigated for various drug delivery applications. However, core–shell nanoparticles having a polymeric core surrounded by a highly biocompatible lipid shell are the most commonly explored LPHNPs for the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we will shed light on the composition, methods of preparation, classification, surface functionalization, release mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, patents, and clinical trials of LPHNPs, with an emphasis on core–shell-structured LPHNPs.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a chronic, highly contagious disease caused by the Bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads from person to person through air. Tuberculosis affects lungs majorly but also affects other parts of the body, such as brain, intestine, spine and kidney. The main cause for patient’s non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy is ADRs of varying degrees of severity such as hepatotoxicity etc. Aim: This study aimed to provide proper understanding of Adverse drug reactions resulted due to Anti-TB drug therapy in TB patients based on various studies done on Anti-TB agents induced ADRs. Conclusion:Anti- Tuberculosisdrug (Anti-TB)could cause several ADRs both mild and severe types majority of ADR were wild, more attention is needed to prevent ADR and enhance current Anti-TB therapy. The study suggests that for more better in depth understanding and prevention of Anti-TB drug ADR many more studies with larger population is needed, also the current Anti-TB therapy requires some revisionto prevent fatal hepatotoxicity.

Objectives- The objective of this survey is to find the various Covid-19 vaccine complication in India and to spread awareness among people about adverse effects and their reporting also to study the rare side effects so to minimize the chances to harmful effects. Methods-Online surveys and questionnaires have been used to collect data from various peoples or subjects. Key findings- Majorly mild adverse effects have been reported, very few severe cases had reported and no rare side effect have been found in this survey. Adverse events those who have been found during the clinal trails had reported no new adverse reported in population of survey involved. Conclusion- The vaccine that have been administered by the population are safer but some precautionary measure must be taken and special attention to be given for elderly person and pregnant ladies and those who are already having any health-related issues while vaccinating them.

Background: Breast cancer is the second foremostreason for death in femalesuniversal. The enormously fast level of metastasis and capability to growconfrontationmethods to all the unoriginalmedications make them self-sameproblematic to indulgence which the reasons for in elevation morbidity and mortality are of breast melanoma patients. Expertsall through the world have been directing on the firstdiscovery of breast lump so that conduct can be started at the very primary stage. Furthermore, conventional treatment methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and local surgical treatmentsmart from innumerablerestrictions including toxicity, genetic mutation of normal cells, and spreading of cancer cells to healthy tissues. Therefore, new treatment schedules with low toxicity to usual cells need to be immediatelyadvanced. Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles have remainedextensively used for targeting hyperthermia and imaging of breast growth cells. They can be conjugated with drugs, proteins, enzymes, antibodies, or nucleotides to bring them to target organs, tissues, or tumors using an external magnetic field. Results: Iron oxide nanoparticles have remainedpositively used as theranosticscauses for breast malignancy both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, their functions with medications or functional biomolecules increase their drug delivery efficiency and decrease the systemic noxiousness of drugs.