Jaffry Zakaria

In Malaysia, the growth of golf facilities has outpaced the growth of active golfers, which may influence the number of athletes progressing to elite competitive levels. This situation has generated interest in identifying factors that influence golfer development, beginning with engagement in golf as a mainstream sport and progressing toward elite participation. The primary aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Golfer Development Questionnaire (GDQ), focusing on the validity and reliability of its constructs in assessing the development environments of golfers in Malaysia. A total of 132 golfers participated in this study. Data were analysed using SPSS software, with reliability assessed through Cronbach’s alpha. The results indicated that all seven constructs talent development, athlete support, training centres, competition, intellectual support, agency support, and the mass sport system demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.76, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.60. These findings suggest that the GDQ constructs and items are reliable measures and are appropriate for assessing golfer development environments in the Malaysian context

The current research aims to assess the psychometric properties of the emotional intelligence scale among university students in Indonesia. This research used a survey design. The current research participants were 288 university students in Palembang, West Nusa Tenggara, Kupang, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta, Indonesia. Two procedures were used to analyze the data: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results showed that EFA with comprehensive techniques that compromise parallel analysis yielded a 5-factor solution: empathy with five items, handling relationships with five items, motivation for oneself with six items, self-awareness with seven items, and managing emotion with eight items. The five factors solution was confirmed through CFA with the value: Chi square=2.631, Tucker-Lewis’s index (TLI)=.804, comparative fit index (CFI)=.823, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.075, and standardized root mean residual (SRMR)=.743. The scale validation and reliability were tested through average variance extracted (AVE) with the value ranged from 0.271 to 0.594, construct reliability (CR) with the value ranged from 0.706 to 0.879, and Cronbach’s alpha with the value ranged from 0.706 to 0.879. Therefore, based on psychometric analysis, the scale is valid and reliable to be used in measuring emotional intelligence among university students in Indonesia.

Tracking an athlete’s training program is crucial for objectively monitoring training activities, physical development, skill acquisition, and program adjustments. This research aims to develop an Android-based application for monitoring sports training programs tailored for tennis players. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods, analyzed using Aiken’s V formula. Participants included 5 licensed tennis trainers, 5 strength and conditioning experts, and 3 technology specialists. The results show V coefficient values ranging from 0.90 to 1.00, with a mean value of 0.97, indicating high validity according to tennis coaching experts. Evaluation of the physical condition of tennis players yielded V coefficient values between 0.90 and 1.00, with a mean of 0.96, reflecting high validity of all items. Furthermore, expert assessments in technology and informatics produced V coefficient values from 0.83 to 1.00, with a mean of 0.93, indicating high validity of all items. Therefore, this research confirms that all test items have a high level of content validity. With this high validity, the application can be effectively used by coaches to manage the training programs and daily activities of tennis players.

Background. The rise in cardiovascular diseases has necessitated implementing effective interventions to improve cardiorespiratory endurance. Objectives. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interval training (IT), particulary high-intensity interval training (HIIT), in enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance across various demographics. IT, characterized by high-intensity exercise followed by recovery periods, has gained attention for its potential to improve key cardiovascular markers such as VO₂max and cardiovascular efficiency. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. From 893 initially screened articles, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies examined the effects of IT, especially HIIT, on cardiorespiratory endurance across various population groups, including sedentary individuals, athletes, and older adults. Metrics such as VO₂max and cardiovascular efficiency were the primary outcomes measured. Results. The findings indicate that IT, especially HIIT, consistently improves VO₂max and overall cardiovascular fitness in diverse populations. HIIT has been observed to outperform moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in generating faster cardiovascular adaptations. Despite its benefits, the high intensity of IT requires careful individualization to mitigate the risk of injury, particularly in populations with lower baseline fitness levels. Conclusions. This review concludes that IT is an effective and time-efficient method for improving cardiorespiratory endurance. It should be considered a viable option in both clinical and athletic populations. However, further research is recommended to investigate the long-term safety of HIIT in high-risk populations and to enhance adherence to these exercise protocols.

Background. The development path of a football player toward becoming a professional player involves four main aspects: physical, technical, tactical, and psychological ones. Objectives. This study aimed to examine the psychological characteristics of the environment that influence and contribute to the development of football players under 17 years old in Indonesia and Malaysia. Materials and methods. This study used a qualitative approach, namely evolved grounded theory, and the data collection process was conducted using three distinct methods: semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Twenty-five coaches participated in this study, comprising fifteen coaches from various football academies in Malaysia and ten coaches from Indonesia. All coaches involved in this study have a license and at least five years of experience as coaches under 17. The data collected and analyzed began with open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and the analysis was assisted by using qualitative research software, namely N-Vivo 14. Results. The findings revealed that several aspects influenced player development, such as policy support, including structured and competitive age group competitions, a healthy football ecosystem; other results have been defined as relationships and cooperation supported by family, friendship between clubs, and teamwork. Finally, the study underscored the significance of involving coaching factors, including passion, patience, and coach psychological treatment abilities. These are the psychological characteristics of the environment that can influence the development of football players. Conclusions. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as a reference for coaches, the Indonesian Football Association, and the Malaysian Football Association to create a policy that can support football players under 17 years from all aspects, including psychology.

Coach capability is one of the primary keys in sports coaching, especially at the grassroots football level. Coaches are essential in conveying information, motivating, and building positive relationships with young players. This study aims to find out how the capabilities of coaches can help the development of grassroots football players in Indonesia and Malaysia. This research uses a qualitative approach using the Grounded Theory method as the foundation used to formulate the data collection process by meeting with 25 coaches with a coaching license and a minimum of 5 years of experience. Data analysis in the research in this study went through several steps, including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to identify emerging themes. In addition, the researcher used NVivo 14, a qualitative analysis program, to assist the researcher in grouping the research data to find the main themes. The results showed that the approach used will be able to help grass players develop into professional players, the expected capabilities of the coach are related to the passion of the coach, trust in the player, patience, and communication of the coach in providing encouragement and motivation and the ability to listen actively to understand the needs and feelings of the player. This study highlights the importance of coach capabilities in shaping the fundamentals of physical, technique, tactics, and sportsmanship values in grassroots football players in Indonesia and Malaysia. In conclusion, the capabilities of coaches can improve the quality of coaching, develop players' potential, and create a positive and inclusive learning environment. Keywords: Environmental, Psychological Characteristic, Grassroots, Football Player, Indonesia, Malaysia

This study aims to develop and test a comprehensive set of indicators to assess the event quality in the context of sports tourism. Using the three-round Delphi method, participants evaluated an initial list of event quality model (EQM) indicators based on their experience. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests, multivariate normality, multicollinearity, construct reliability (Cronbach Alpha), convergent validity (e.g., principal component analysis), discriminant validity (e.g., Fornell-Larcker criterion) and construct validity were evaluated. Among the 32 candidate indicators, 20 were retained without multicollinearity problems, with strong internal consistency (0.963) and convergence validity (AVE > 0.5, CR > 0.7, SRW > 0.7). Discriminant validity (AVE > R2) and structural validity (P< 0.00, RMSEA = 0.035, CFI = 0.986, χ2/df =1.373). The results show that the newly developed scale of event quality model (EQM) meets the requirements of relevant indicators and can be applied to practical research.

The current research aims to develop a Path Model for Under-17 Football Players in Indonesia and Malaysia. A qualitative approach toward Grounded theory was used to formulate the research. A total of 25 coaches, 15 from Malaysia and ten from Indonesia, participated in the current research, which was determined through a purposive sampling method. The criteria of the participants were having a coaching license and having a minimum of 5 years of coaching experience. The participants were interviewed to formulate the model for the Under-17 Football Players in Indonesia and Malaysia. The data collected was analyzed with qualitative research software, namely N-Vivo 14. In this study's approach to the evolved grounded theory, open encoding techniques, axial encodings, and selective encodes are used for data analysis. The result indicated that the model proposed in the current research consists of three aspects. The first aspect was the issue and challenges for the athlete's development, which consisted of several factors: the coach's competencies, physical, technique, tactical, and psychological condition. The second aspect was the individual psychological trait consisting of several psychological conditions such as cognitive, affective, attitude, personality, and spirituality. The third aspect was the environment. The psychological condition consists of several aspects, such as the policy supporting the athlete's development, the support from the family, and the support from the coach. Keywords: football development, development path, u17 football players, Indonesia, Malaysia

This research explores the fundamental aspects coaches teach in several grassroots football academies in Indonesia. Qualitative methods through case study design were employed in the current research, and the data were collected through interviews. Ten coaches from various grassroots football academies in Indonesia were interviewed. They were asked about the fundamental aspects of football taught in their grassroots football academy. In this case, the purposeful sampling method was used to determine the participants. The participants were chosen based on having a coaching license and having a minimum of 5 years of coaching experience. The data collected was analyzed with qualitative research software, namely N-Vivo 14. In this case, three packages of N-Vivo were used, namely word cloud, tree map, and frequency query. The results revealed several words or topics that the participants mainly discussed. Based on the findings, several fundamental aspects of the Indonesian grassroots football academy were mental, discipline, practice, goal, concentration, confidence, motivation, and physical. These are the fundamental aspects taught mainly by the coaches in the grassroots football academy in Indonesia. Keywords: youth athlete; football; essential factor in grassroots football.

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