Shad Ahmad

Introduction: Brain disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and psychiatric illnesses, continue to pose substantial clinical and societal burdens. Traditional treatment approaches are often limited by poor targeting efficiency and the complexity of neural networks. Neuroengineering combines principles of engineering, materials science, and neuroscience to develop innovative tools capable of monitoring and modulating brain activity. Advances in neural interfaces, neurostimulation technologies, and bioengineered therapeutic systems are enabling more precise and minimally invasive treatment strategies, offering new possibilities for restoring neurological function and improving patient outcomes. Short summary: Brain disorders represent one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine, demanding innovative approaches that integrate neuroscience, engineering, and technology. Neuroengineering has emerged as a transformative discipline that bridges these domains, offering new strategies for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic intervention. This review discusses recent advances in neuroengineering technologies, including neural interfaces, neurostimulation systems, nanotechnology-based therapeutics, and tissue engineering approaches supported by artificial intelligence for precision brain disorder management. Conclusion: Neuroengineering represents a rapidly evolving field with the potential to transform brain healthcare through innovative diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological refinement are essential to overcome translational challenges and achieve widespread clinical implementation.

Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions. This review article comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology of viral invasion into the CNS and the cellular interactions involved, elucidating the roles of various immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, in neuroinflammation. Leveraging this knowledge, strategies for modulating inflammatory responses and attenuating hyperactivation of glial cells to mitigate viral replication within the brain are discussed. Furthermore, current chemotherapeutic and antiviral drugs are examined, elucidating their mechanisms of action against viral replication. This review aims to provide insights into therapeutic interventions for Japanese Encephalitis and related viral infections, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for affected individuals.

In this era of globalization, there is a need for green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), which should lessen the tremendous energy consumption, the utilization of toxic compounds, and time, which can help save the environment from hazardous effects. Green synthesis attempts to utilize products from natural agents like plants and fungi because of their profound availability of bio compounds. The NPs derived from them exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and immunomodulatory properties because of their unique physical and chemical properties. These extraordinary properties make them promising agents in medicine and agriculture areas. The review has targeted the mush-room-derived NPs and bioactive compounds, including the nutritional content of mushrooms with their multipurpose properties, followed by encapsulation and delivery of the biotherapeutics. These NPs have found significant applications in advancing industrial and biomedical ventures. A complete understanding of the synthesis mechanism will help optimize the synthesis protocols and con-trol the shape and size of NPs.

Tuberculosis is the second most fatal infectious disease; each year, it causes millions of deaths worldwide. Although several anti-TB drugs are currently available, the problem with these drugs is that they require a prolonged duration of treatment, with high drug doses. In addition, patient non-adherence to therapy subsequently leads to the development of multidrug-resistant and ex-tensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, we need to develop an effective and robust nano-carrier-based drug delivery system to overcome these issues and improve the therapeutic potential of drug dose/duration and patient compliance. This review article focuses on the cur-rently available various nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches, including lipid nanopar-ticles, polymeric particles, carbon nanotubes, glucan, and alginate-based nano-carrier systems for effective anti-TB drug delivery to host macrophage for mycobacterium killing. Finally, we also present some promising recent nanotechnology-based mycobacterial detection systems us-ing silver nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and magnet-ic barcode assay that have recently emerged as the latest diagnostic tool. Functionalized nano-materials for emerging Aggregation-induced photodynamic therapy as next-generation theranostics have also been discussed as a novel option for TB diagnosis and therapy.