Hamza Atheer Saadalla

The oxidative stress within liver cells, the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, is one of the main pathological mechanisms involved in a number of liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This is relevant because the liver is an important target organ in metabolic and detoxification processes and is very sensitive to oxidative damage, necessitating effective therapeutic interventions. The plant Silybum marianum (L.) is a species of Silybum. S. marianum (L.) is a variety of Silybum . The medicinal plant, G. Scleranthus L., has been extensively studied over the years because of its potent hepatoprotective activity, which is mainly attributed to its active flavonolignan compound, silymarin. This systematic review provides an extensive overview of the current clinical and preclinical evidence and highlights the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-oxidative effects of silymarin on the liver. Silymarin’s protective effects include direct antioxidant activity against free radicals, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (e.g., glutathione, superoxide dismutase), modulation of inflammatory pathways (e.g., Nuclear factor-kappa B, inflammasomes), anti-fibrotic activity (by blocking the activation of hepatic stellate cells), and membrane-stabilizing properties. There is a large preclinical base of support for efficacy, but safety and effectiveness in humans have not been proven, and more standardized and rigorous clinical trials with longer follow-up are needed to assure optimal dosage, further long-term studies, and wider systemic use. This review underscores the importance of further investigation of more complex formulations, better understanding of the mechanism of action of silymarin (with a particular focus on the pharmacokinetics of the individual components), and the potential benefits of silymarin in liver health and beyond, which requires more rigorous and well-designed randomized controlled trials to be able to allocate a role in evidence-based medicine.

The current study aims to identify the main areas and emerging trends in the field of artificial intelligence research in field of combating drug addiction. It relies on an accurate and organized scientific methodology to achieve its objectives, as research literature related to artificial intelligence in the field of combating drug addiction was collected from the Science Citation Index Expanded database within the Web of Science Core Collection. The period from 2015 to 2024 witnessed a significant increase in the number of research articles published on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in combating addiction, reflecting a growing global interest in this field. 31 research studies from several countries were analyzed, with the results showing that the United States of America leads research production with 4.34% (14 research papers), followed by Italy (5 research papers), indicating the significant challenges these countries face in the field of addiction. Countries such as Poland, Canada, India (two research papers each), Iran, Spain, Indonesia, China and Brazil have also begun to increase their focus on developing innovative solutions using AI. The current study identified key focus areas and emerging trends in the use of AI to diagnose and treat drug addiction. The findings suggest that AI will play an increasingly important role in efforts to combat this problem.

This article reviews scientific papers on Nano-encapsulation of cinnamon and coriander extract, including their bio stability and how well birds absorb them through their intestines as well as how they've affected quail production. Although there have been several studies conducted involving the use of Cinnamon and Coriander to enhance growth rates, feed conversion ratios and egg production, the major limitation has been the relatively low levels of stability and bioavailability of the herbals. By using Nano-encapsulation to increase the amount of active ingredient protected so that it has a longer time to be absorbed into the bird's system more effectively than with conventional methods, researchers have found that this method may allow for improved intestinal absorption due to improved interaction with the avian gut system and potentially improved intestinal health and immune response. However, relative to the direct studies performed on avian species, there are limited amounts of material available exploring this concept. This review will provide a summary of both the advantages and current gaps in our understanding and will highlight the need for additional research studies looking at the stability of commercial feeds containing these additives over extended periods, potential safety issues regarding long-term use of these additives and opportunities for the use of these additives to develop economically viable feed sources in our poultry businesses, particularly in developing natural nutrition programs using these nano-encapsulated forms as a complement to existing conventional feeds.

Study of autism via a methodical search strategy predominantly through the Scopus database. The search employed terms including "autism," "autism spectrum disorder," "ASD," alongside "cytogenetics," "chromosome," "chromosomal abnormality," "copy number variation," "CNV," and "aneuploidy." The inquiry was confined to English, peer-reviewed publications without temporal limitations. The inclusion criteria emphasized original research, reviews, and case reports that elucidate cytogenetic or chromosomal investigations in persons with autism, encompassing classic karyotyping, aCGH, and SNP arrays, accompanied by explicit descriptions of findings and diagnoses. The exclusion criteria eliminated research focused on single-gene mutations lacking a cytogenetic component, non-English publications, editorials, and studies in which chromosomal mosaicism was a secondary observation. The findings indicated a vigorous scientific production in autism research, with annual publications continuously over 300 from 2021 to 2023; however, a decrease was observed in 2024 and 2025. The United States prominently led in publications, with over 600 documents, followed by Italy, the United Kingdom, China, and Canada. Prominent authors such as J.D. Buxbaum and A. Kolezvon significantly influenced research productivity. The review methodologically emphasized the growing integration of advanced genetic testing, such as Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA), Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), in conjunction with behavioral evaluations. Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) has become the recommended initial genetic assessment, detecting harmful copy number variations (CNVs) in 10-20% of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases, with elevated rates among individuals with intellectual disabilities. WES functioned as an ancillary instrument, providing diagnoses in 15-30% of ASD cohorts by identifying de novo pathogenic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs). Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), albeit costly, provided the most thorough genomic perspective, detecting complex structural variants and copy number variations (CNVs) overlooked by alternative methods.

This research was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of the extracts Eugenia caryophyllus on pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina Which is diagnosed on the plant Shalek depending on its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds found in the volatile oil separated from cloves wereidentified using GC-MS and the following active compounds were obtained )8-Dimethylnona-1, phenol ,Naphthalene, alpha-Farmesene, 1- Lsopropyl-4, 7-hexahyro-1, Caryophyllene oxide.( .Of these compounds, 1-Lsopropyl-4 gave the highest concentration at 2. 01 mg.gm-1 with a retention time of 8.537, and the separated fatty acids were identified from the clove petroleum ether extract using GC-MS, and the following fatty acids were obtained:) Palmatic, Undecanoic, Lauric, Arachidonic, Lenolinic, Linoleic, Oleic, Stearic( .Among these compounds is Linoleic Which gives the highest concentration at 27.52 mg. gm-1 With a holding time of 15.280 minutes. The inhibitory effect of clove extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the extracts of petroleum ether and eucalyptus oil, which were used at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in the PDA medium, had inhibitory effects on the growth of the aforementioned fungus. Both extracts caused a significant effect on the growth of this fungus at all concentrations used. As these fungi failed to form mycelium on PDA.

Clove is one of the oldest and most famous spices. Its seeds resemble nails. It is used in medicinal fields, but its fungicidal activity is unknown. The aim of the study was to test the inhibitory activity of phenolic extracts of cloves against the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of Eugenia caryophyllus phenolic extracts on the fungus M. phaseolina, which was partially diagnosed on strawberry plants based on Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, in addition to its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds present The active compounds (Chlorogenic acid, Qurcetine, Gallic acid, Apigenin, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Rutin, Catechine) present in the extract of Industrial Methylated Spirit (IMS) separated from cloves were determined using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). and active compounds of IMS phenols) Qurcetine, Apigenin, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol. (The inhibitory effect of phenols extracted from E. caryophyllus against M. phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the acetone extract and acetone phenols, which were used at concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/ml in PDA medium, had a significant effect on the growth of the fungus by 100%, as these fungi failed to grow. Formation of spores on Peptone dextrose medium (PDA) medium. While the percentage of inhibition of acetone phenols was 25% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. As for the IMS extract and IMS phenols, it had a significant effect on the growth of the fungus at all concentrations used, but with different inhibition ratios, which increased directly with increasing concentration of the extract.

This research was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts (alcoholic and oily) on the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, which was isolated from strawberry roots and diagnosed based on its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds present in the volatile oil separated from the leaves of E. camaldulensis were identified by using (GC-MS). And obtaining the effective compounds (Gamma-Terpinene, Benzene, Terpinen-4-ol, carvone, 1-Cyclohexene, p-Cymen-7-ol, 2-Naphthalene methanol, 5-methanol, Methyl1-4methylene). The separated fatty acids were identified from the ether petroleum extract of eucalyptus leaves using GC-MS and obtaining fatty acids (Lumaric acid, Linolic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic, a-Lenolinic, Stearic acid, Eicosenoic acid, Arachidonic acid Palmatic acid, Oleic, Octadecanoic acid). The Inhibition effect of eucalyptus leaf extract (alcoholic and oily) against the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the petroleum ether and eucalyptus oil extracts that were used at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in the PDA medium had inhibitory effects on the growth of the aforementioned fungus. Both extracts caused a significant effect on the growth of this fungus in All concentrations used, as these fungi failed to form mycelium on PDA medium.