Yuli Perwita Sari

Moringa oleifera is a native to India and can grow in several regions such as the tropical region. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the characteristics, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition, antioxidant activities, and authentication of moringa seed oils (MSO) from Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were used for seed oil extraction. Moringa seeds had an oil yield of 32.24% and 24.88% for the Soxhlet and UAE methods, respectively. The result was found that the quality parameters of MSO, like refractive index, acid value, and peroxide value of MSO obtained from Soxhlet extraction method were were better than those of the Soxhlet method. Saponification value and iodine value method were 142.681±0.353 mg KOH/g oil and 64.6510±0.0640 g I2/100 g oil, where as the UAE method were 181.577±0.214 mg KOH/g oil and 77.3497±0.0639 g I2/100 g oil, respectively. Total saturated fatty acids of MSO extracted using Soxhlet and UAE were 24.78 and 25.32% respectively. The MSO comprises a significant amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (> 74%). Oleic acid was found to be the main unsaturated FAME. The free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH methods), and metal chelating agent of MSO obtained from the Soxhlet method were 94.6659 ± 0.0668, 25.536 ± 0.300, and 55.381 ± 0.695%, whereas UAE methods were 93.4210 ± 0.0153, 16.958 ± 0.311, and 68.732 ± 0.0082%, respectively. In addition, discriminant analysis (DA) using middle FTIR was successfully used for authentication of MSO from palm oil (PO) adulteration. The PLS regression using second derivative middle FTIR spectra (3999-650 cm-1) was used to quantification the PO level with high R2 for calibration (0.9993) and validation (0.922) with lower RMSEC value ( 0.922) and RMSEP (1.75%). This study has shown that the MSO obtained from different extraction methods has a good quality oil and has a potential of a new sources of vegetable oil to be produced in Southeast Sulawesi.

The use of edible film from natural materials in the food industry as food packaging is increasing because it is safer and can reduce exposure to microplastics. Natural materials such as pandan extract and sources of chlorophyll and antioxidants have higher added value as functional foods, but chlorophyll easily degraded. The formation of Zn-chlorophyll complexes can increase chlorophyll stability. In addition, fillers are needed; sweet potato starch can be an alternative filler, but the amount of addition is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effect of variations in ZnCl2 concentration as an extraction medium and the addition of sweet potato starch to pandan edible film. The stages of making pandan edible film are chlorophyll extraction (ZnCl2 1000, 1250, 1500 ppm), mixing sweet potato starch (3, 4, and 5% w/v), heating, molding, and drying. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern. The resulting edible film was tested for tensile strength and color and analyzed for chemical water content, chlorophyll content, Zn content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the higher the concentration of ZnCl2 and the addition of sweet potato starch, the increased lightness, redness, and water content, but the edible film's chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity decreased. The best edible film made with 1000 ppm ZnCl2 media and the addition of 4% white sweet potato starch with the characteristics of total chlorophyll content of 228.21% db, antioxidant activity of 98.70%, Zn content of 4.33 mg/g, water content of 16.86% wb, lightness 34.92, redness -2.67, yellowness 10.37 and tensile strength 4.99 MPa. Pandanus edible film has the potential to use as biodegradable high fat food packaging.

Chlorophyll in pandanus leaves is easily degraded during processing, resulting in changes in color intensity. Efforts to maintain the color intensity and color stability of chlorophyll involve the formation of chlorophyll complexes with metallochlorophyll using metals that have higher complex stability than natural metals in chlorophyll (Mg) by extraction. This study aimed to produce a stable and effective pandan leaf chlorophyll extract using ZnCl₂ extraction media. The phases of the chlorophyll leaf extraction process are leaf washing, cutting, grinding in ZnCl₂ solution (0, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm), filtering, and heating with an autoclave at a temperature of 110 °C for 15 minutes. Chlorophyll leaf extracts analyzed ash levels, chlorophyll levels, carotenoid levels, color, and color stability. The experimental design used in this study is a complete random design with one factor. The data obtained was analyzed with One-Anova using IBM SPSS Version 25. The results of the analysis showed that chlorophyll leaf extract produced high chlorophyll levels and the color was most stable at 1000 ppm ZnCl₂ concentrations with chlorophyll levels of 125.35 mg/L; ash content of 0.13 g/100 ml; carotene content of 0.40 micromol/L; and green color intensity -2.98. Pandan leaf chlorophyll extract with a ZnCl₂ concentration of 1000 ppm has the potential to be used as a natural coloring agent. Keywords: pandan leaf extract, ZnCl₂, chlorophyll, heating, autoclaving

White pepper is a significant spice in Indonesia; however, powdered white pepper is vulnerable to adulteration, particularly with ingredients such as mung bean flour. Consequently, there is a need for a reliable analytical method to ascertain the authenticity of ground white pepper. This research seeks to establish an approach for authenticating white pepper and detecting the presence of mung bean flour utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques. The findings indicate that the adulteration patterns of white pepper and its contaminants can be effectively identified using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method and chemometrics. Partial Least Squares (PLS) is a statistical method employed for regression analysis and modelling complex relationships between independent variables (X) and dependent variables (Y). It is one of the primary methods used in chemometrics because of its effectiveness in handling datasets with numerous variables, which is often the case in chemical analysis and spectroscopy. The second derivative FTIR spectrum in the range of 3712-650 cm⁻¹ was identified as the optimal calibration model. The coefficient of determination (R²) for calibration was 0.9535, while for prediction it was 0.9943. Furthermore, the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) was calculated at 4.32, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 1.38. The PLS Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) method also successfully classified pure white pepper samples from those adulterated with various concentrations of mung bean flour.

Anthocyanins are bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. This bioactive compound is susceptible to changes in temperature and pH conditions. Its use in food products is also limited. Therefore, protection efforts that can bring anthocyanins into the food system through encapsulation are needed. Encapsulation is a technique for protecting bioactive compounds by coating the mixtures using biomaterials. The spray drying encapsulation process does not require difficult preparation and has good protection capabilities. The goal of this study was to investigate the encapsulating properties of the ratio of whey protein isolate to maltodextrin. This study used maltodextrin : whey protein isolate ratios (MD: WPI) 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 (w/w). Anthocyanin extract was added 30% (w/w). The mixtures were powdered by drying them with a spray drier. The results showed that MD: WPI = 1:3 can retain more bioactive components than other treatments. The characteristics of nanoencapsulants in antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and anthocyanin were 65.16 ± 2.87 % RSA, 776.25 ± 45.23 mg GAE/100 g, 60.83 ± 1.56 mg/100 g, respectively. The nanoencapsulations had irregular round morphology, particle size and zeta-potential were 301.3 nm and-31.9 mV, respectively. Therefore, anthocyanin encapsulation from purple yam extract was successfully produced with lower-cost material for food and pharmaceutical use.

Constipation is one of the disorders of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Lack of consumption of water and food with fiber are some of the causes of constipation. Treatment for constipation patients can be solved by administering laxatives through drugs (pharmaceuticals) or using polysaccharide parts from plants. There are at least three types of laxatives: bulking agents (having the ability to bulk up), osmotic agents, and stimulants. Polysaccharides can be sourced from whole or some parts of the plants. Each type of plant has different polysaccharide components, and their effects on constipation treatment are also specific. The study aimed to review the mechanisms of polysaccharides from various plants parts and explained the misconception of polysaccharide intake as a laxative agent in treating constipation. This review was based on literature studies related to polysaccharides from plants materials and their effects as laxatives in experimental animals. The review found that these polysaccharides have a positive effect as a laxative or digestive aid. In general, polysaccharides from several plants were extracted and characterized to be used as anti-constipation test materials. These polysaccharides can help increase the amount, weight, and water content of feces (bulk), increase peristalsis, speed up gastric emptying and transit time, as well as restore hormones that work in movement in the digestive tract, and improve the condition of the distal colon tissue. These studies are still limited to using animals as experimental test material in polysaccharides to treat constipation. In addition, it has the potential to be further explored regarding the possibility of clinical trials of polysaccharides in humans as laxatives.