Comparative study of different oil extraction methods on Moringa oleifera seed oil characteristics, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity and its authentication

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Abstract
Moringa oleifera is a native to India and can grow in several regions such as the tropical region. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the characteristics, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition, antioxidant activities, and authentication of moringa seed oils (MSO) from Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were used for seed oil extraction. Moringa seeds had an oil yield of 32.24% and 24.88% for the Soxhlet and UAE methods, respectively. The result was found that the quality parameters of MSO, like refractive index, acid value, and peroxide value of MSO obtained from Soxhlet extraction method were were better than those of the Soxhlet method. Saponification value and iodine value method were 142.681±0.353 mg KOH/g oil and 64.6510±0.0640 g I2/100 g oil, where as the UAE method were 181.577±0.214 mg KOH/g oil and 77.3497±0.0639 g I2/100 g oil, respectively. Total saturated fatty acids of MSO extracted using Soxhlet and UAE were 24.78 and 25.32% respectively. The MSO comprises a significant amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (> 74%). Oleic acid was found to be the main unsaturated FAME. The free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH methods), and metal chelating agent of MSO obtained from the Soxhlet method were 94.6659 ± 0.0668, 25.536 ± 0.300, and 55.381 ± 0.695%, whereas UAE methods were 93.4210 ± 0.0153, 16.958 ± 0.311, and 68.732 ± 0.0082%, respectively. In addition, discriminant analysis (DA) using middle FTIR was successfully used for authentication of MSO from palm oil (PO) adulteration. The PLS regression using second derivative middle FTIR spectra (3999-650 cm-1) was used to quantification the PO level with high R2 for calibration (0.9993) and validation (0.922) with lower RMSEC value ( 0.922) and RMSEP (1.75%). This study has shown that the MSO obtained from different extraction methods has a good quality oil and has a potential of a new sources of vegetable oil to be produced in Southeast Sulawesi.

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