Nur Annisa Istiqamah

Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) is one of the introduced plants originating from Japan,precisely from the island of Hanchijojima which is not widely known in Indonesia. This plantis rich in beta-carotene, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid and vitamin C,and also contains several minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus,zinc and copper. can grow well on Mount Rinjani, East Lombok, West Nusa TenggaraProvince, which is located in Sembalum Village. This plant has potential as a medicinebecause the yellow sap contains chalcones such as xanthoangelols (Xas), 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD) and isobavachalcone. The active substance contained inchalcone is useful for maintaining glucose homeostasis, increasing red blood cellproduction, increasing concentration power. Based on the description above, thisresearch raises the topic of making Ashitaba leaves into instant drinks in various typesand concentrations of sugar. The types of sugar used are brown sugar and granulatedsugar with concentrations of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%. carried out several tests of thecontent of instant ashitaba powder, namely testing water content, reducing sugarcontent and organoleptic tests for color, aroma, taste and texture. Data analysis wasperformed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, consisting oftypes of sugar (brown sugar and granulated sugar). From the test results, it was foundthat the lowest water content of 2.76% was found in the treatment of granulated sugarwith a concentration of 60% (G1W5), Reducing sugar levels showed that the treatmentof granulated sugar with a concentration of 20% (G1W1) had the highest levels of 8.33%and 3.61 mg. In organoleptic testing (color, taste, aroma and texture) the results showedthat the treatment using granulated sugar with a concentration of 60% (G1W5) had thequality of color, taste, aroma and texture favored by the panelists.

Metal is an essential substance in the industrial world for supporting human life and technological advancement. Shaping and increasing metal’s ability involves the heat treatment process. This research aims to see how the microstructure and hardness of metal change after being heat treated with quenching and tempering medium at room temperature and ice. The experiment was conducted utilizing a heat treatment process involving heating the material to 840°C for 60 minutes, then quenching it with water and ice and tempering it at 200°C for 20 minutes. The hardness test employs the Rockwell Hardness Test method, which uses a 9-point hardness scale with the primary load (P) of 150kg-f. The observations for the micro test were in the form of density variations in ferrite, pearlite, and martensite crystal grains. Microstructure investigations showed the presence of martensite in the material after being heat-treated. The hardness test showed that the carbon steel material experienced a decrease in hardness from the initial value of 43.12 HRC to 39.32 HRC and 38.14 HRC after quenching water and ice water. The comparison of tempering has no significant effect on hardness with values of 40.63 HRC and 38.94 HRC tempering followed by water-quenching and ice water-quenching, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to see how the tempering process at 350°C affected the hardness value and microstructure of carbon steel with different holding times of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes. To determine the value of hardness and microstructure, the quenching technique with water cooling media was used. Furthermore, the tempering procedure is commonly utilized to improve steel ductility. The medium carbon steel utilized in this study was 30mm x 30mm with a thickness of 5mm. According to the findings, the holding time variations of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes had hardness values of 26.1 HRC, 30.4 HRC, and 26.9 HRC, respectively. The hardness of the raw material is 42.5 HRC, with a quenching hardness of 39.3 HRC.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of the carburizing process at a temperature of 900°C with a holding time of 60 minutes after which it was quenched with water media and then carried out a tempering process on ST 60 steel with variations of holding time 30, 60 120, 180 minutes. The grain size of the carbon used is mesh 140. In this study, the tempering process is widely used to increase the surface hardness but still has the ductility of the steel. Then reheating (tempering) at a temperature of 300°C with a holding time of 30, 60 120, and 180 minutes. After that, the cooling process is carried out using air media. According to the findings, a 30-minute variation in holding duration has an average hardness value of 47.6 HRC. The average hardness value in the 60-minute variation is 44.83 HRC. The average hardness value for the 120-minute variation is 43.93 HRC, while the 180 minute-variation is 42.87 HRC. The average hardness of the raw material is 66.7 HRB. As a result, the amount of time the material is held in the tempering process has an impact on its hardness.

A grinder is a tool used in manufacturing processes such as finishing workpieces and smoothing cuts or welding products, and it can also be used to sharpen metal tools such as knives and chisels with an abrasive material. In this study, the wear rate of a self-manufactured grinding stone made from aluminum slag treated with HCl as the abrasive material was compared to grinding stones from previous studies and commercial grinding stones sold on the market using the ASTM D-3702 standard wear test. The self-manufactured grinding stone was made of liquid and powder phenolic resins, cast aluminum slag, water and HCl-treated meshes 12 and 40, and fiberglass mesh fibers. The mixture is then combined with a predetermined composition. The mixture is then placed in a mold and compacted for 5 minutes with a press machine with a force of 15 tons, allowed to stand at room temperature for at least 24 hours, and sintered at 140 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The results showed that the average wear value of the grinding stone with HCl treatment is higher than the wear value of the grinding stone with water treatment, which is 0.0664 gram/minute and 0.0129 gram/minute, respectively. The commercial grinding stone had the lowest average wear value of 0.0031 gram/minute. Surprisingly, the wear value of commercial grinding stones is lower than the wear rate of self-designed grinding stones.

The annealing process is widely used to remove residual stresses in the production process so that steel becomes more ductile. This study aims to investigate the effect of variations in temperature and holding time on the hardness and microstructure of ST 60 steel in the annealing process. This study uses temperatures (750°C), (800°C), (850°C) and (900°C), and the time parameters of the annealing process are 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes. The results of this study indicate that at a temperature of 750°C and holding times of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes. The hardness value has an average of 62 HRA. At a temperature of 800°C with holding times of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes the average hardness value is 59.67 HRA. Then at a temperature of 850°C with a holding time of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes the average hardness value is 53.67 HRA and at a temperature of 900°C with a temperature of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes is 53 HRA. The raw material has an average hardness value of 66.7 HRA. When the raw material after undergoing the annealing process decreased. This shows that the higher the temperature and holding time in the annealing process, the higher the hardness of the material.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of casting mold inlet (In-Gate) diameter on chemical composition, porosity defects, micro-photographs, and casting product hardness. The casting sample material is made from scrap aluminum and poured into the mold in 5mm, 7.5mm, and 10mm In-Gate diameter variations. Chemical composition testing, porosity observation, microphotography with a metallography microscope, and Brinell hardness testing (ASTM E– 10 standard) are used to collect data for this investigation. The result indicates that the sample aluminum alloy silicon metal (Al-Si) material has an 81.86 percent aluminum content and a 9.84 percent silicon content. The 10mm In-Gate size has the highest hardness value of 98.68 BHN, while the 7.5mm In-Gate has a hardness value of 84.46 BHN. Due to porosity defects that can reduce metal hardness, the 5mm In-Gate has the lowest hardness value of 73.07 BHN.

Welding techniques have historically been commonly employed in machine construction for repairs, hardening tool coatings, thickening worn sections, and connecti

The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of adding copper with varying mesh sizes on spot welding through the use of tensile strength, microphotographs, and hardness measurements. We’ll use type 1100 aluminum material with a variety of mesh sizes in this experiment, including 40, 50, and 60. Tensile strength testing (by ASME QW-462.9), microphotography with a metallographic microscope, and the Vickers test were also done (AWS D8 standard.9-97). Tensile test values were determined at meshes 40 (556.38), 50 (739.13), and 60 (1316.10), with the fusion zone (nugget) area exhibiting the highest hardness value. The heat-affected zone area comes next, followed by the base metal area, with a mesh size of 60.50 and 40 in order of hardness. The micro-image test produces identical results because they both use the same substance.

This study examines the density, porosity, microstructure, and hardness of aluminum raw materials from used pistons using gravity dies casting and gravity investment casting processes. Gravity die casting and gravity investment casting at a casting temperature of 750°C were employed in this research. Emission Spectrometry is used to determine the chemical composition of a substance (ASTM E-1251). Porosity was measured using macro photography and a digital microscope, with the findings of each mold temperature fluctuation compared. The Rockwell hardness tester is used to determine the hardness of a material (ASTM E-384). A metallographic microscope was used to examine the microstructure of the castings (ASTM E3-11). According to ASTM B-85 standards, this material comprises 71.05% (Al) composition, 13.65% (Si), 7.178% (Cu), 3.4508% (Fe), 1.7870% (Zn), and additional components up to 100%, and is categorized as Aluminum Al-Si (Aluminum-Silicon)A413.0. The density of the test object was calculated using gravity die casting at 2.6972 gr/cm³ and gravity investment casting at 2.6764 gr/cm³. The quantity of porosity impacts the density value, according to the results of porosity observations. The phase (Al) and the phase (Zr) are observed in the microstructure results (Si). In gravity investment casting, the beta phase granules (Si) appear to be larger and fewer. The beta phase granules seem smaller and more abundant in gravity die casting. The hardness value is influenced by the size, number, and dispersion of beta granules. Hardness testing with gravity investment casting yielded a hardness value of 86.84 HVN, according to the results.