Zamzagul Amangeldikyzy

Rapeseed occupies the first place among industrial crops in terms of oil content. Protection from harmful organisms plays an important role in the technology of rapeseed cultivation, since the quality and volume of products are significantly reduced due to the damage of crops by pests. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the types of pests common in the fields of rapeseed of the Berik farm in the T. Ryskulov district of the Zhambyl region in 2022-2024 and to draw up protection measures. The biological features of the development of the main pests and the factors that reduce their numbers have been studied. Of the pests that live in the soil, rapeseed crops are affected by caterpillars and wireworms. Entomophages have been identified: ground beetles, staphylinids, soft-bodied and coccinellids. Ground beetles, soft-bodied and coccinellidae appear during budding. Chemical treatments for rapeseed cultivation are recommended only if the number of pests has exceeded the limits of economic harm. Field experiments on the use of chemicals and mineral fertilizers against rapeseed pests were conducted in the study area. The followingpreparations against cruciferous fleas were tested: Sumi-alpha, 5% K. E. (esfenvalerate, 0.3 l / ha), BI-58 K. E. (dimethoate, 0.8 l /ha), Achilles, K. E. (lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.2 l /ha). All tested preparations have shown high biological efficacy

Nematodes are one of the most numerous and widely distributed groups of multicellular organisms on the planet. Phytoparasitic nematodes, particularly members of the genus Heterodera, pose a significant threat to agriculture, causing substantial crop losses in cereal crops. Soil-borne pathogens, including nematodes and fungal organisms, are an important but often underestimated factor limiting wheat yield. This study conducted a survey of the major wheat-growing regions of Kazakhstan (Almaty, Uralsk, Shortandy) to detect and identify phytoparasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected using zigzag and diagonal sampling schemes, processed by sieve washing, and analyzed through light microscopy. Cyst-forming nematodes (Heterodera spp.) were identified, along with representatives from other genera: Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Filenchus, Pratylenchus, Parapratylenchus, Ditylenchus. Particularly high populations of harmful species were recorded in the Shortandy district and Almaty region. Additionally, in greenhouse conditions, the interaction between Heterodera avenaeand Fusarium culmorumon hard wheat variety Sham 3 was studied. It was established that simultaneous infection results in a yield reduction of 38.4%, significantly exceeding the losses caused by each pathogen individually. The findings emphasize the need for regular monitoring of soil pathogens and the implementation of integrated plant protection measures, including rational crop rotation planning and consideration of the phytosanitary state of the soil

Environmentally sound insect pest management strategies require continuous isolation and identification of effective biocontrol agents from different ecosystems. The quest for fungal isolates that are adapted to high temperatures is particularly significant, as they hold the potential to produce mycoinsecticides that are highly effective in semiarid and arid areas. This study aimed to collect new virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) from Kazakhstan that show promise for controlling Colorado potato beetle (CPB) populations under arid conditions. Local isolates could be adapted to abiotic and biotic factors in the environment in which they survive. The findings of this study should provide insights into the species of EPF that inhabit a specific arid region of Kazakhstan, examining their traits in the regional climate, soil composition, and biological diversity. Throughout 2023–2024, a series of soil samples was collected from diverse locations within the Turkestan region of southern Kazakhstan for the isolation of EPF. The isolation of EPF was conducted using susceptible larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a host that does not have specificity for particular species of EPF. Using this insect bait, 41 pure cultures of EPF were isolated from soils in the arid zone of Kazakhstan. Polymerase chain reaction analysis based on the TEF1-α locus showed that all the isolates were indistinguishable from Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 2860 species. However, analysis of the ITS locus revealed two cryptic species: B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana. For laboratory evaluation of biological activity EPF, the second and third instars of CPB were collected from potato fields in southern Kazakhstan and placed in plastic containers. Test CPB larvae were treated with conidia suspensions at 1 × 10⁷ spores/mL and survival was recorded daily for 3 weeks. The results of the bioassays revealed that all the new Kazakhstan isolates were pathogenic to larvae CPB and caused complete mortality by the end of the 11-day. These results showed that new isolates of EPF were highly virulent against larvae CPB.

This article presents the results of isolating and identifying EPF species and screening thermotolerant and highly virulent EPF strains that are promising for controlling Colorado potato beetle populations. Soil samples were collected from southern Kazakhstan for the isolation of fungi used in the experiments. Using the insect bait method, 41 isolates of EPF were obtained from the soils of southern Kazakhstan. PCR analysis based on ITS and TEF loci (elongation factor Ef1a) showed that all the isolates belong to the species B. bassiana. However, analysis of the ITS locus revealed two cryptic species: B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana. No other fungal species were detected, likely due to the insufficient informativeness of the ITS and TEF loci in distinguishing species. Further studies with other loci are required. As a result of selecting natural isolates for virulence and thermotolerance, the following strains were identified: B13, B14, B15, B22, B23, B24, B25, B23-23, Bc4, Bc7, and Bc8. These strains showed high virulence (100% on the 11th day after treatment) and tolerance to suboptimal temperatures (+15°C and +30°C). Therefore, they are considered the most promising for use in the context of climate change. The data suggest that, despite the source of the isolates, EPF have great potential for controlling Colorado potato beetle populations, as the majority of isolates lead to fatal outcomes. Their geographical origin primarily influences their temperature preferences, which negatively affect their effectiveness in field conditions.

Бұл мақалада Қазақстанның оңтүстік аймағында таралған үйірлі шегірткелерге жүргізілген мониторинг жұмыстарының нәтижелері көрсетілген. Жамбыл облысында үйірлі шегірткелердің үш түрі де кездеседі. Яғни, итальяндық шегіртке, азиялық ұшпа шегіртке және мароккалық шегіртке. Ал, Түркістан облысында тек қана азиялық ұшпа шегіртке және мароккалық шегірткесі табылды. Жамбыл облысында мароккалық шегірткенің тығыздығы жоғарылап 1 м2 7-9 данаға дейін жетіп, қоныстану көлемінің ұлғайғаны тіркелді. Ал, Түркістан облысында бұл зиянкестің қоныстану тығыздығы 1 м² жерде 10 данадан жоғары болды. Осылайша, Қазақстанның оңтүстік аймағында үйірлі шегірткелердің ішінде негізгі доминант мароккалық шегіртке екенін атап өтуге болады. Оның оңтүстік аймақта таралған барлық шегірткелер арасында үлесі 80% жоғары. Көпжылдық мәліметтерге талдау жасағанда зиянкестің қоныстану аумағы жыл сайын 100 мың гектардан асатынын бақылауға болады. Аса қауіпті зиянкеске қарсы мемлекеттік бюджет есебінен химиялық өңдеу жұмыстары жылда жүргізіледі. Алайда, қорғау шаралары жүйелі жүргізіліп жатқанымен зиянкесті толық жою мүмкін болмай тұр. Керісінше, климаттың өзгеруіне байланысты зиянкестің тіршілік ету арелы жыл санап артып келеді.

Stem rust in recent years has acquired an epiphytotic character, causing significant economic damage for wheat production in some parts of Kazakhstan. On the basis of a race composition study of the stem rust populations collected in 2016-2017 in South-Eastern and northern regions of Kazakhstan were identified. The race differentiation of stem rust using a tester set of 6 Sr genes differentiator lines was carried out. In different conditions of Kazakhstan, the Sr22 and Sr25/Lr19 gene sources are effective. As a result of PCR analysis, the Sr22 gene was found in 5 lines of 6 samples taken for the study: Line C-19SB, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, GA961662-1-7/TAM107, Line D 25 77. Sr25/Lr19 is a carrier of sources: Lutescens 220-03-45, Advance, Line D 25 77. The Sr22 and Sr25/Lr19 gene was Lutescens 220-03-45 and Line D 25 77. These sources are recommended for inclusion in the breeding process for developing stem rust resistant varieties in the region.

One of the key tasks of the agricultural policy of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the establishment of an efficient domestic agro-industrial sector that guarantees the nation's food security, its strong competitiveness in international agricultural production and in the food market. The current state of knowledge has defined the criteria for the production of crop goods in rainfed agroecosystems, which can be summarized as the following fundamental principles: achieving the highest yield of agricultural crops at the lowest expense; enhancing soil fertility primarily through the extensive application of biological methods for the regeneration of organic matter; development of optimized, highly productive agricultural landscapes with significant environmental capacity of regionally typical plant life forms. The realization of these principles is ensured by a range of measures, among which perennial grasses hold a prominent position. The most widespread species among all perennial grasses in the western region of the country is wheatgrass. Due to its distinctive biological characteristics, wheatgrass optimally utilizes the natural and climatic resources of the dry-steppe zone. The unique stability and effectiveness of wheatgrass as an environment-shaping crop in the agricultural systems of the dry-steppe zone underscore the necessity for further innovation and improvement in its cultivation techniques.

Stem rust disease is widespread in the wheat-growing regions of Kazakhstan. Despite a large number of studies, the protection of wheat from the pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is considered one of the crucial problems. Chemical control has almost no impact on this disease and no exact result. The only effective way to control this disease is to cultivate resistant varieties and lines. Currently, 60 Sr resistance genes are known. Among them, Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36, and Sr39 gene sources are efficient at stem rust disease in different conditions of Kazakhstan. The molecular markers Xgwm533, CFA2019, PSY-E1, wPt-7004, Xgwm319 and Sr39#50 linked to Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36 and Sr39 were used, respectively. As a result of PCR analysis, the Sr2 gene was identified in six lines out of 16 lines, namely, GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, GA961565-27-6/KS99U673, GA961662-1-7/TAM107, VA01W-283/WX030513 and Sonalika. Five wheat lines were found as carriers of the Sr22 gene: Line c-19SB, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, GA961662-1-7/TAM107 and Line D 25 77. There are three lines that are carriers of Sr25/Lr19 gene sources, namely, Lutescens 220-03-45, Advance, and Line D 25 77. The Sr28 gene was identified in four wheat genotypes (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, Advance and VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513) and the positive control W2691Sr2Bkt. An expected fragment (170 bp) for Xgwm319 properly for Sr36 gene was identified in four lines (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Advance, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513, GA961662-1-7/TAM107). The 10 wheat varieties were identified using primers Sr39 # 50R/F (Line C-19SB, Omskaya 37, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, Select, GA951395-10-7 / WX98D011-U38, Advance, GA961662-1-7 / TAM107’, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513 and Line D 25 77). The studied sources of resistance can be used in breeding programs to create varieties of common wheat with durable resistance to stem rust.