Alexis Patricio Paredes Cruz

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and heightened sensitivity to stress. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward the role of neuroinflammation as a biological process potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of BPD. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on immune and inflammatory mechanisms associated with BPD, with particular emphasis on their conceptual and biological overlap with neuroinflammatory pathways described in Alzheimer’s disease. Findings from empirical studies, systematic reviews, and neuroimaging research indicate that cytokine dysregulation, microglial activation, and central–peripheral immune interactions are recurrent features across psychiatric disorders and are also evident in BPD. The integration of Alzheimer’s disease as a reference model provides a framework for understanding how sustained neuroinflammation may influence neural connectivity, stress responsivity, and potential cognitive vulnerability without implying neurodegenerative progression. The review further discusses the implications of immune modulation as a complementary perspective within current treatment models, while emphasizing the continued centrality of psychotherapeutic interventions. By situating BPD within a broader neuroimmune framework, this work contributes to an integrative understanding of psychiatric disorders and supports future research and educational approaches that bridge psychiatry, neuroscience, and immunology.

Cognitive decline has traditionally been associated with aging; however, increasing evidence suggests that subtle cognitive vulnerabilities may emerge earlier in life, particularly during young adulthood. This stage represents a critical period characterized by high neural plasticity and adaptive capacity, making it a strategic window for preventive interventions. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a promising approach for modulating cortical excitability and functional connectivity without the risks associated with invasive procedures. This review analyzes the potential role of NIBS as a preventive strategy for cognitive decline in young adults, integrating neuroscientific principles of neuroplasticity with methodological insights derived from precision-based biomedical technologies. A structured narrative analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on studies related to technological accuracy, reproducibility, visualization enhancement, and training frameworks. The results reveal a convergence of evidence emphasizing targeting precision, standardization, and educational applicability as key determinants of reliable intervention outcomes. The findings suggest that preventive neuromodulation may benefit from adopting precision-oriented methodological frameworks similar to those successfully implemented in other high-accuracy biomedical domains. By contextualizing NIBS within an educational and preventive paradigm, this review highlights its potential contribution to strengthening cognitive resilience and promoting long-term cognitive health in young adult populations. Further research is warranted to translate these conceptual foundations into empirically validated preventive models.

Sensorineural hearing loss remains a major global health challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of the mammalian cochlea and the predominantly compensatory nature of current therapeutic options. In recent years, gene therapy has emerged as a promising strategy aimed at restoring auditory function by directly targeting the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cochlear dysfunction. This review analyzes and synthesizes contemporary advances in cochlear regeneration through gene-based interventions, including gene replacement, gene editing, transcription factor–mediated reprogramming, and RNA-based therapies. The evidence highlights that gene replacement approaches, particularly for monogenic forms of hearing loss with preserved cochlear architecture, currently demonstrate the most direct translational potential. Regenerative strategies focused on reactivating developmental pathways show encouraging structural and functional outcomes, although their long-term integration and stability remain critical challenges. Across all modalities, delivery platforms and administration routes emerge as decisive factors influencing efficacy, safety, and clinical feasibility. Functional auditory outcomes and translational readiness are increasingly emphasized as essential benchmarks for therapeutic relevance. This review also underscores the importance of international collaboration and the inclusion of research and healthcare contexts from Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador to support equitable translation and implementation. Collectively, the findings position cochlear gene therapy as a rapidly evolving and clinically relevant field, with realistic prospects for biological hearing restoration contingent upon continued interdisciplinary and global efforts.

Las diferentes pruebas serológicas (IgG, IgM, IgA) para detectar el Toxoplasma Gondii durante el embarazo, son de suma importancia para diagnosticar a tiempo la transmisión vertical de la infección por vía placentaria, y comenzar el tratamiento oportuno para detener la evolución de la enfermedad y mitigar los daños fetales. El tratamiento in útero no es efectivo al 100%, por ello es necesario que al nacer, el niño asintomático o no, continúe el tratamiento indicado por seis meses o un año, para seguir frenando la enfermedad dando oportunidad a que el sistema inmunológico pueda hacerse cargo por sí sólo.