Sayuri Ibeth Ramos Meneses

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and heightened sensitivity to stress. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward the role of neuroinflammation as a biological process potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of BPD. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on immune and inflammatory mechanisms associated with BPD, with particular emphasis on their conceptual and biological overlap with neuroinflammatory pathways described in Alzheimer’s disease. Findings from empirical studies, systematic reviews, and neuroimaging research indicate that cytokine dysregulation, microglial activation, and central–peripheral immune interactions are recurrent features across psychiatric disorders and are also evident in BPD. The integration of Alzheimer’s disease as a reference model provides a framework for understanding how sustained neuroinflammation may influence neural connectivity, stress responsivity, and potential cognitive vulnerability without implying neurodegenerative progression. The review further discusses the implications of immune modulation as a complementary perspective within current treatment models, while emphasizing the continued centrality of psychotherapeutic interventions. By situating BPD within a broader neuroimmune framework, this work contributes to an integrative understanding of psychiatric disorders and supports future research and educational approaches that bridge psychiatry, neuroscience, and immunology.

Retinal and ocular surface diseases represent a significant cause of visual morbidity worldwide, particularly in regions with rising chronic disease prevalence and uneven access to specialized care. This review synthesizes recent advances in diagnostic imaging, therapeutic strategies, and emerging technologies to provide an integrated understanding of current and future directions in ophthalmic practice. Evidence highlights diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration as dominant contributors to disease burden, with retinal detachment and retinopathy of prematurity remaining critical in specific populations. Optical coherence tomography, OCT angiography, and quantitative imaging biomarkers have reshaped diagnostic precision, while anti-VEGF therapy continues to transform visual outcomes in neovascular conditions. The reconceptualization of dry eye disease through the TFOS DEWS II framework underscores its multifactorial inflammatory nature and the need for multimodal management. Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing as a tool for automated screening, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring, holding particular promise for middle-income countries such as Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador. Taken together, these developments reflect a transition toward precision ophthalmology and underscore the need for health systems capable of integrating technological innovation into equitable, high-quality care.

Cardiovascular risk stratification is undergoing a major paradigm shift driven by advances in genomics, inflammatory profiling, imaging biomarkers, myocardial injury detection, and artificial intelligence. This review integrates evidence from twenty high-impact studies to outline a multidimensional framework for precision cardiovascular risk assessment. Genomic tools, particularly polygenic risk scores, consistently demonstrate strong predictive value and highlight substantial inherited susceptibility that traditional models often fail to detect. Inflammatory and immunometabolic markers emerge as equally central determinants, underscoring the biological complexity of atherosclerosis and the relevance of chronic immune activation. Imaging techniques and high-sensitivity biomarkers provide additional layers of subclinical resolution, while AI-enhanced electrocardiography introduces new opportunities for early detection. A temporal analysis reveals a rapid expansion of precision-oriented research after 2018, culminating in a robust evidence base that favors integrative models over single-domain predictors. The proposed conceptual framework illustrates how these domains converge to generate a richer, individualized understanding of cardiovascular risk. The discussion emphasizes translational challenges and the need for equitable implementation in diverse populations, particularly in Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador, where structural barriers may limit access to emerging precision tools. Overall, the findings support a shift toward biologically informed, technologically augmented, and context-adapted cardiovascular prevention strategies capable of improving predictive accuracy and advancing global cardiovascular health.

Cognitive decline has traditionally been associated with aging; however, increasing evidence suggests that subtle cognitive vulnerabilities may emerge earlier in life, particularly during young adulthood. This stage represents a critical period characterized by high neural plasticity and adaptive capacity, making it a strategic window for preventive interventions. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a promising approach for modulating cortical excitability and functional connectivity without the risks associated with invasive procedures. This review analyzes the potential role of NIBS as a preventive strategy for cognitive decline in young adults, integrating neuroscientific principles of neuroplasticity with methodological insights derived from precision-based biomedical technologies. A structured narrative analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on studies related to technological accuracy, reproducibility, visualization enhancement, and training frameworks. The results reveal a convergence of evidence emphasizing targeting precision, standardization, and educational applicability as key determinants of reliable intervention outcomes. The findings suggest that preventive neuromodulation may benefit from adopting precision-oriented methodological frameworks similar to those successfully implemented in other high-accuracy biomedical domains. By contextualizing NIBS within an educational and preventive paradigm, this review highlights its potential contribution to strengthening cognitive resilience and promoting long-term cognitive health in young adult populations. Further research is warranted to translate these conceptual foundations into empirically validated preventive models.