Selcuk Kara

Purpose: The brain develops rapidly in early life, so sleep, media exposure and parental relationships are important topics for researchers during this period. The aim of this study was to examine the media exposure of children aged 3-6 years, in addition to their sleep habits and parental attitudes. Materials and Methods: Participants in this descriptive study, based on the relational screening model, were 70 boys (64.2%) and 39 girls (35.8%) aged between 3 and 6 years, and their parents, who had been seen at the child psychiatry outpatient clinic. The study used the following data collection instruments: Personal Information Form, Child Sleeping Habits Questionnaire and Parental Attitudes Scale, Internet Parenting Styles Scale. Results: This study, it was reported that 44% of children used tablets and 67% used mobile phones. Children who slept 6-9 hours had higher mean scores for sleep habits and sleep problems than those who slept 10 hours or more. The mean sleep habits scores of children who watched more than two hours of television per day were significantly higher than those of children who watched between one and two hours per day. Children who watched two or more hours of TV per day had lower mean parental control scores than other children. Children whose weekly use of digital devices was up to 8 hours had higher mean scores for both parental control and parental warmth than children whose weekly use was more than 8 hours Conclusion: A significant number of children were exposed to the media and an association was found between family attitudes, media use and children's sleep habits.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on apoptotic cell death induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina. Twenty-four rats were divided into four equal groups: control, ischemic, solvent, and quercetin. I/R injury was achieved by elevating the intraocular pressure above the perfusion pressure. Intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg of quercetin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were performed in the quercetin and solvent groups, respectively, immediately prior to I/R injury, and the researchers allowed for the retinas to be reperfused. Forty-eight hours after injury, the thicknesses of the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were measured in all groups. Moreover, the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end-labeled [TUNEL (+)] cells and caspase-3 (+) cells in both INL and ONL were evaluated in all groups. The administration of quercetin was found to reduce the thinning of all retinal layers. The mean thickness of INL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 21 ± 5.6 µm and 16 ± 6.4 µm, respectively (P<0.05). Similarly, the mean thickness of ONL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 50 ± 12.8 µm and 40 ± 8.7 µm, respectively (P<0.05). The antiapoptotic effect of quercetin in terms of reducing the numbers of both TUNEL (+) cells and caspase-3 (+) cells was significant in INL. The mean number of TUNEL (+) cells in INL in the ischemic and quercetin groups was 476.8 ± 45.6/mm2 and 238.72 ± 251/mm2, respectively (P<0.005). The mean number of caspase-3 (+) cells in INL of ischemic and quercetin groups was 633.6 ± 38.7/mm2 and 342.4 ± 36.1/mm2, respectively (P<0.001). The use of quercetin may be beneficial in the treatment of retinal I/R injury because of its antiapoptotic effect on the retinal layers, particularly in INL.