Rabeea Ismael Khalid Zebari

The term Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks and genocide committed by the Ba’ath Regime against Kurdish people in the north of Iraq. Anfal literally means the spoils of war and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by Saddam Hussein. The Anfal campaign takes its name Surah Al-Anfal in the Holy Quran. The Ba’athists misused what the Quran says. Hundreds of thousands of Kurdish innocent men، women، and children were killed and disappeared during the Anfal campaign. In addition، a countless number of villages were destroyed and razed to the ground. The Ba’ath Regime attempted to evict forcefully Kurdish families and wipe out them from their ancestral home، and change the demographics of Kurdistan by relocating Arabs from elsewhere in Iraq to Kurdish villages. In the 1980s، the regime’s oppression and fascism against Kurds developed and reached its peak in 1988. There is a close relationship between society and literature. Literature reflects the culture and society; its good values، and its ills، of the time in which it was set. Thus، the genocide that happened in the Badinan territory had a great influence on the intellectuals and writers and their literary works. Kurdish writers began to write novels، tales،and poems about this tragedy. Mu’ayad Tayib is one of the poets of the Badinan territory to be touched by this calamity، the Anfal.

Sufism is considered one of the most important subjects of world literature in general and Kurdish literature in particular. Sufism is used within the literature as a means of purifying the heart and mind. This becomes a message that the author directs to the reader. In this message, the author tries to purify his heart and mind toward his God through this message. This conveys to the reader what is on his mind directly. There is no doubt that Sufism is reflected in Kurdish poetry in general and in classical poetry in particular. Degrees of Sufism are also seen as a major theme in Ali's poems; therefore, we thought it necessary to select this theme and identify the reflection of Sufism in the poems of Ali Hariri classic poems.

Faqe Tayran is widely considered one of the great classic Kurdish poets and writers. He wrote poems in the Kurmanji dialect. He was born in Miks, a town in the province of Wan in northern Kurdistan. He wrote several poems among which are Shekhe Sanan, Zambil Firosh, and Bar Sisi Abid. Symbolism is a literary device that refers to the use of symbols in a literary work. Throughout history, symbolism has played a significant role in literature in general and in poetry in particular. In literature, symbolism is employed to create an impact, which it accomplishes by attaching additional meaning to an action, object, or name. Symbolism takes something that is usually concrete and associates or affixes it to something else in order to give it a new and more significant meaning. Nature symbolism is a frequent symbolism used by poets to convey emotion and reflection. Also, Kurdish poets have used symbolism in their works to convey a powerful message. They even grasp the aspects of life via symbols. Faqe Tayran, like all other Kurdish poets, infused their poetry with a plethora of symbolism. As such, the objective of this research is to identify, classify, and analyze the nature-related symbols found throughout Faqe Tayran's poetry.

Dîrok a rojnamevan ya Kûrmancan bi awayekê giştî ji rojnama Kurdstan 1898 li Qahîre destpêdike. Li Başûrê Kurdstanê vê yekê weke despêk a dîrok a rojnamevanya Başûr di hesibînin û her sal vê dîrokê li Başûrê Kurdstanê bi awayekê cûrbicûr bi bîrdiînin. Kovara Peyv weke yek ji wan kovaran, ku bi awayekê ekadimîk li piştî 1991’ an derket holê. Ku rolekê baş lêstî ye ji bo pêşxistina edebiyata Kurdî bi awayekê giştî û Dema em ji naveroka kovara Peyv dinêrîn, ev yek eşkere dibe ku kovara Peyv ji dû beşan pêk dihê. Beşek bi Kurdîya tîpên erebî dihê nivîsandin û beşa din bi kurdî ya latînî dihê nivîsandin. Kovara peyv dibe yekemîn kovar li Bşûr ku bi Kurdî tîpên Erebî û Latînî hatîye weşandin. Cihê kovara Peyv di edebyata kurdî de eşkere ye. Nivîskarên her çar perçên Kurdistanê nivîsên xwe di vê kovarê de belav dikin. Anku bi watayeka din kovara peyv nivîskarên her çar perçên Kurdistanê li xwe kom dike. Ev dibe eger ku piranîya nivîskar û xwendevanê kurd bi rêya kovara peyv agehdarî edebiyata kurdî bibin. Anku em dikarîn bibêjîn kovara Peyv bû rêyek ku hevnîzîkbûnekê di nava edebiyata her çar perçên Kurdistanê de durust dike ku bikarin berhemên xwe di nav de belav bikin. Peyvên Sereke: Kurdstan, Başûrê Kurdstan, Rojnamegerî, Rojnamegerîya Kûrmancî li Başûr, Kovar a Peyv.