Franco Estenssoro

This review examines a multimodal approach that integrates advanced neuroimaging, biofluid biomarkers, and innovative rehabilitation strategies for the optimized diagnosis and recovery of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI remains a critical public health challenge due to its high incidence and diverse, long-lasting morbidities. Conventional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity to detect subtle injuries, and current prognostic models are limited by the heterogeneity of TBI. Emerging neuroimaging techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), PET, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), along with blood- and CSF-based biomarkers, are increasingly important in assessing injury severity and guiding treatment. Furthermore, novel rehabilitation modalities such as virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR), brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and targeted cognitive therapies have demonstrated potential to harness neuroplasticity and improve functional recovery. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in standardizing biomarker assays and integrating multimodal data into personalized treatment plans. Future research should validate these approaches in diverse patient populations to refine prognostic models and enhance clinical translation.