Qudrat Ullah

In addition to being a crucial component of plant growth, phosphorus (P) is also important for preserving thesustainability of the environment. The accessibility of phosphorus in soil, its vital importance for plant roots, and thewider environmental effects of managing it are all covered in this The intricate interaction of multiple elements,including soil pH, biological material content, and microbial activity, determines the availability of phosphorus in soil. Itis essential to comprehend and maximize phosphorus availability to guarantee a sufficient supply of nutrients to plantroots. Plants absorb phosphorus mostly in the form of phosphate ions (H2PO4). A deficiency of phosphorus in the soilcan cause stunted growth, lower agricultural yields, and general plant health problems. Plants have developed severaltactics to improve their uptake of phosphorus, such as the exudation of organic acids from their roots and as well assymbiotic relationships with mycorrhizae fungus. These adaptations demonstrate how important phosphorus is to plantlife and ecological health.

This review explores how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nanoparticles can improve thephysicochemical traits of wheat plants and boost crop yields. Wheat is essential for the world's food supply, but its growthis impacted by factors such as soil quality and climate. The potential for enhancing crop productivity and soil quality withPGPRs is promising. They improve wheat plant photosynthesis, soil fertility, nutrient availability, and antioxidant activity.When nanoparticles and PGPRs are used together, physicochemical characteristics are improved due to their synergisticeffects. These environmentally friendly techniques have the potential to encourage the sustainable production of wheat,reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase soil fertility. However, it is critical to address anypossible health and environmental risks associated with their use. Overall, PGPRs and nanoparticles are viable optionsfor increasing wheat crop production and sustainability.

Rapid urbanization and industry can lead to an increase the air pollution. Through 1964 the, photochemical aspects of air pollution are studied. In this review article, we have compiled data about the major processes that cause photochemical smog, tropospheric ozone (O3), and other oxidants. Besides this natural and anthropogenic activities that contribute to the formation of photochemical smog are also discussed so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be done in a better way. Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Due to these reactions, ozone and other pollutants are formed. Nowadays photochemical smog is a major problem in urban areas during the summer. Sunlight acts as a major precursor in the formation of photochemical smog. Photochemical air pollution is an emerging issue nowadays therefore we must implement strategies to reduce the emissions from industries, vehicles, and power plants. The use of electric vehicles as compared to other vehicles can help to reduce photochemical air pollution.