Rabia Afzal

This review explores how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nanoparticles can improve thephysicochemical traits of wheat plants and boost crop yields. Wheat is essential for the world's food supply, but its growthis impacted by factors such as soil quality and climate. The potential for enhancing crop productivity and soil quality withPGPRs is promising. They improve wheat plant photosynthesis, soil fertility, nutrient availability, and antioxidant activity.When nanoparticles and PGPRs are used together, physicochemical characteristics are improved due to their synergisticeffects. These environmentally friendly techniques have the potential to encourage the sustainable production of wheat,reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase soil fertility. However, it is critical to address anypossible health and environmental risks associated with their use. Overall, PGPRs and nanoparticles are viable optionsfor increasing wheat crop production and sustainability.

The synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) for environmental remediation are reviewed in this review article. An overview of several synthesis techniques—such as precipitation, thermal decomposition, and hydrothermal synthesis—that allow the creation of NPs with precise size, shape, and magnetic properties is given in this work. It also explores methods for characterizing NPs, which are essential for understanding their chemical, magnetic, and physical properties. These methods include vibrating sample magnet magnetometry (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most reviews highlight the application of NPs in environmental remediation, emphasizing their efficiency in the adsorption and removal of organic pollutants, heavy metals, and dyes from contaminated water. Case studies demonstrate the use of NPs in real-world ecological remediation situations, highlighting its promise as an environmentally beneficial and long-term method of remediation of soil and water. The review discusses NP-based addresses and prospective future initiatives, such as the need for scalable synthesis methodologies, the development of more advanced functionalization strategies to target specific pollutants and environmental impact assessments.

Rapid urbanization and industry can lead to an increase the air pollution. Through 1964 the, photochemical aspects of air pollution are studied. In this review article, we have compiled data about the major processes that cause photochemical smog, tropospheric ozone (O3), and other oxidants. Besides this natural and anthropogenic activities that contribute to the formation of photochemical smog are also discussed so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be done in a better way. Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Due to these reactions, ozone and other pollutants are formed. Nowadays photochemical smog is a major problem in urban areas during the summer. Sunlight acts as a major precursor in the formation of photochemical smog. Photochemical air pollution is an emerging issue nowadays therefore we must implement strategies to reduce the emissions from industries, vehicles, and power plants. The use of electric vehicles as compared to other vehicles can help to reduce photochemical air pollution.