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Thyroid diseases are common endocrinological disorders in children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of actual thyroid dysfunction among children referred to pediatric endocrinology due to abnormal thyroid function test (TFT) results. All of the 204 children who were referred to the pediatric endocrinology clinic following an initial evaluation at the pediatric clinic in a tertiary care center were included. Clinical characteristics and TFT results of the subjects at both visits were evaluated according to the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. TFTs were performed for screening purposes in 42.7% of the cases. After endocrinology evaluation, 49.5% were found not to have thyroid dysfunction. There was no difference in thyroid dysfunction when only free thyroxine (fT4) levels at the initial visit were assessed. Among those with low initial thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 80% had no thyroid dysfunction, while 57.6% with high TSH had thyroid dysfunction. If TSH remained high at follow-up, the risk of thyroid dysfunction increased 19.4-fold. TSH alone is adequate for the screening of thyroid dysfunction in children. For patients with initially abnormal TSH levels, a repeat TSH and fT4 evaluation should be conducted after 4 to 12 weeks before referral to pediatric endocrinology.

Sleep is necessary for the psychological, physiological, and emotional growth of children and adolescents. Pediatric sleep disorders are common and sometimes overlooked by health professionals. Recent developments in screen time have led to more sleep-related problems among adolescents. Encouraging good sleep habits and limiting screen time in children is crucial for their health. Pediatricians have a responsibility to incorporate sleep hygiene advice and routine sleep checks into their practice to promote healthy child development. Heightened awareness, public health initiatives, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to tackle this pervasive problem effectively. This study is a narrative review of the literature on sleep disorders and sleep hygiene in children and adolescents. Relevant publications were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases using the following keywords: "pediatric sleep disorders," "sleep hygiene children," "screen time sleep adolescents," "obstructive sleep apnea children," "parasomnias childhood," and "behavioral insomnia pediatric." Priority was given to publications from 2019 onwards; however, seminal studies published before this date were also included where appropriate. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the scope of the review. Editorials and opinion pieces without supporting data were excluded.

Background: Excessive screen exposure among adolescents has become a growing public health concern, with potential associations with behavioral and psychological outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate screen use patterns, multi-screen addiction levels, and their relationship with anxiety in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 1 and July 1, 2025, at Health Sciences University Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu Hospital among 340 adolescents aged 10–18 years (mean age 14.74 ± 1.71; 60.3% girls). Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire, the Multi-Screen Addiction Scale, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results: Participants reported an average daily screen time of 6.07 ± 1.80 hours, with smartphones being the most frequently used devices (60.9%). The mean total score of the Multi-Screen Addiction Scale was 47.01 ± 7.31, showing high internal consistency (α=0.832). Daily screen time was positively correlated with all subscales of the Multi-Screen Addiction Scale and with the total score (r=0.359; p<0.01). The mean Beck Anxiety Inventory score was 16.90 ± 12.82, with strong reliability (α=0.925). Anxiety scores were significantly higher in girls, older adolescents, those with less educated parents, and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (p<0.05). Total screen time and computer use were positively correlated with anxiety levels (r=0.311 and r=0.136, respectively; p<0.05). Conclusion: Excessive screen exposure among adolescents is associated with higher levels of multi-screen addiction and increased anxiety symptoms. Socioeconomic and parental educational factors appear to influence these outcomes. Interventions targeting healthy screen use habits and mental health support are essential for adolescents. Keywords: Multi-Screen addiction, anxiety, adolescent, digital media, psychological factors

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between probiotic supplementation containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, gastrointestinal tolerability, healthcare utilization, and social outcomes in children aged 2–12 years receiving antibiotic therapy, using real-world clinical data.Materials and Methods: This multicenter cohort study included children aged 2–12 years who were prescribed antibiotic therapy for an infectious diagnosis in pediatric outpatient clinics and/or departments of pediatrics across 15 centers between January 1, 2026, and June 1, 2026. Patients were categorized according to probiotic use during antibiotic therapy into the probiotic group, receiving supplementation containing L. rhamnosus GG and B. animalis subsp. lactis in addition to antibiotics (Group 1, n=120), and the control group, receiving antibiotics alone (Group 2, n=120). The primary outcome was antibiotic-associated diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within 24 hours without an alternative clinical explanation. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal symptoms, repeat healthcare visits, antibiotic modification or discontinuation, school/daycare absenteeism, and parental workday loss. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, whereas categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.Results: A total of 240 children were included, with 120 patients in each group. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, antibiotic indication, antibiotic class, and duration of antibiotic therapy, were comparable between the groups. The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea was significantly lower in the probiotic group than in the control group (16.7% vs. 32.5%; p=0.007). Probiotic supplementation was associated with a 49% relative reduction in the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (RR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.83). The probiotic group also had significantly shorter diarrhea duration, lower maximum daily stool frequency, and lower rates of abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating, nausea/vomiting, repeat healthcare visits, hospitalization, antibiotic modification/discontinuation, need for additional treatment, school/daycare absenteeism, and parental workday loss.Conclusion: In children aged 2–12 years receiving antibiotic therapy, supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was associated with a lower incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a reduced clinical and social burden, supporting its potential role as a practical adjunctive strategy to improve gastrointestinal tolerability during antibiotic treatment.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, rotavirüs antijen testi pozitif akut gastroenteritli 2–14 yaş çocuklarda ayaktan standart tedaviye Kolloidal Silisyum Dioksit eklenmesinin klinik seyir üzerine etkisini değerlendirmek amaçlandı. Kolloidal Silisyum DioksitGereç ve Yöntem: Rotavirüs pozitif ayaktan izlenen çocuklarda iki gruplu karşılaştırmalı analiz yapıldı (Standart tedavi: sıvı + çinko + probiyotik; Standart+ Kolloidal Silisyum Dioksit. Çalışma toplam 5 ayrı hastanede standart tedavi verilen 150 ve standart tedaviye ek olarak Kolloidal Silisyum Dioksit kullanan 150 Rotavirüs tanılı çocuk dahil edilidi. Çalışmamız çok merkezli, multisentrik ve iki grup karşılaştırmalı olarak planlandı. Çalışma Takip penceresi Gün 0–7 idi. Primer sonlanım ishalin düzelmesine kadar geçen süre olarak tanımlandı (ilk kez dışkı sayısı ≤3/gün ve Bristol ≤5 sağlanması). İkincil sonlanımlar toplam dışkı sayısı, dışkı tipi, dışkı kıvamı, ateş seyri, hastaneye başvuru, okul ve işgücü kaybı ve ürün güvenliği idi. Sürekli değişkenlerde uygun parametrik/parametrik olmayan testler; ikili değişkenlerde Fisher kesin testi; ishal düzelme için Kaplan-Meier ve log-rank testi kullanıldı (p

Objective: Infantile colic (IC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder of early infancy defined by prolonged crying and irritability in otherwise healthy infants. This review synthesizes cur rent evidence on diagnosis and management, emphasizing feeding strategies, maternal diet, and the clinical relevance of lactose malabsorption with data from Türkiye and worldwide. The authors highlight strain‑specific probiotics: for breastfed infants, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 is associated with fewer crying minutes, whereas for bottle‑fed infants, the combination of Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B. breve B632 shows preventive and symptomatic signals in randomized trials. Lactase enzyme can reduce symptoms when lactose malabsorption is suspected. Simethicone has not shown consistent benefit and is not recommended routinely. In light of the evolving evidence and inconsistent therapeutic outcomes, this review aims to sum marize current understanding and evidence‑based management strategies for IC. Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025 using the keywords “infantile colic,” “functional gastrointestinal disorders,” “lactase,” “pro biotics,” and “maternal diet.” Relevant randomized controlled trials, meta‑analyses, and clinical guidelines were selected and synthesized to summarize current evidence. Results: Evidence suggests that targeted nutritional approaches, phenotype‑guided probiotic use, and maternal dietary adjustments provide measurable reductions in crying duration and caregiver stress. Pharmacologic agents such as simethicone show no consistent efficacy, while lactase enzyme and specific probiotic strains demonstrate moderate benefit. Taken together, the reviewed evidence supports a stepwise, phenotype‑guided approach that integrates feeding optimization, limited dietary trials, and targeted probiotic use under clinical supervision. Conclusion: Infantile colic remains a self‑limited but distressing condition; evidence‑based, family‑centered counseling and phenotype‑specific interventions should guide management. We outline red‑flag features, a stepwise algorithm, and practical, family‑centered guidance to support phenotype‑guided care.