Eduardo Henrique da Silva Santana

Most studies in the field of application technology have focused on the interaction between adjuvants and agrochemicals, highlighting the need for further research to evaluate the behavior of adjuvants in association with other classes of crop protection products. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and air velocity on spray drift deposition in simulated applications conducted in a wind tunnel using a bioinsecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis. The experiment was carried out in an open-circuit, blower-type wind tunnel installed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the State University of Goiás—Central Campus. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 × 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of five horizontal distances from the spraying point (0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 m), four wind speeds inside the tunnel (1 m s⁻¹, 2 m s⁻¹, 3 m s⁻¹, and 4 m s⁻¹), and four spray solution formulations (water; Dipel^®, Dipel^® + Veget’Oil^®, and Dipel^® + Break Thru^®). Artificial targets positioned transversely to the airflow were used to collect spray deposition and, after spraying, were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds according to the height of the test section. Data were obtained by spectrophotometry and, after verification of the ANOVA assumptions, were subjected to analysis of variance (p < 0.05). When significant effects were observed, regression analyses were applied. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R and Sisvar software packages. Mean deposition values were converted into deposition percentage as a function of the total sprayed volume. The experimental data were also subjected to geostatistical analysis using GS+ software (Version 7^®). After confirming spatial dependence, contour maps were generated using kriging. Higher wind speeds led to higher deposition percentages. The use of adjuvants affected spray deposition in the upper and middle thirds, with responses depending on the spray solution composition. Spray deposition in the wind tunnel can be analyzed using geostatistics, as this variable showed a high degree of spatial variability across all treatments evaluated.

Most studies in the field of application technology have focused on the interaction between adjuvants and agrochemicals, highlighting the need for further research to evaluate the behavior of adjuvants in association with other classes of crop protection products. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and air velocity on spray drift deposition in simulated applications conducted in a wind tunnel using a bioinsecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis. The experiment was carried out in an open-circuit, blower-type wind tunnel installed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the State University of Goiás – Central Campus. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 × 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of five horizontal distances from the spraying point (0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 m), four wind speeds inside the tunnel (1, 2, 3, and 4 m s⁻¹), and four spray solution formulations (water + dye; bioinsecticide + dye; bioinsecticide + vegetable oil + dye; and bioinsecticide + surfactant + dye). For deposition sampling, artificial targets were positioned transversely to the airflow and, immediately after spraying, were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds relative to the height of the test section. Data were obtained by spectrophotometry and, after verifying the ANOVA assumptions, subjected to ANOVA (P < 0.05). When significant, mean comparisons and regression analyses were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R and Sisvar software packages. Mean deposition values were converted into drift percentage as a function of the total sprayed volume. The experimental data were also subjected to geostatistical analysis using GS+ software (Version 7®). After confirming spatial dependence, contour maps were generated using kriging. Higher wind speeds led to higher drift percentages. The use of the adjuvant Break Thru® contributed to reducing drift in the upper and middle thirds. In the lower third, at a wind speed of 1 m s⁻¹, the addition of Break Thru® reduced drift; however, at 4 m s⁻¹, adjuvants did not reduce deposition compared to the spray solution prepared with the biological insecticide. The analyzed variable showed a strong spatial dependence across all treatments.

Objetivo: Avaliar a degradação física de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob sistemas de plantio direto, plantio convencional, fruticultura e vegetação nativa, utilizando a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e o índice S como indicadores. Métodos: O estudo foi conduzido na estação experimental da EMATER, em Anápolis, GO, em delineamento de parcelas subdivididas 4 × 3, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as camadas de 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. A RP foi determinada com penetrógrafo eletrônico Falker PLG 1020, e o índice S foi obtido a partir da curva de retenção de água ajustada pelo modelo de van Genuchten. Resultados: A vegetação nativa apresentou a menor RP e os maiores valores de índice S em todas as camadas. O plantio convencional exibiu a condição física mais restritiva, com RP superior a 2,0 MPa entre 0,20 e 0,30 m e valores de S próximos ou inferiores ao limite de 0,045. O plantio direto apresentou melhor desempenho entre os sistemas agrícolas, enquanto a fruticultura mostrou maior RP nas camadas superficiais, associada ao tráfego localizado de máquinas. Conclusão: A relação inversa entre RP e índice S confirmou a utilidade conjunta desses indicadores para diagnosticar alterações estruturais do solo. Sistemas conservacionistas, com menor revolvimento e manutenção da cobertura do solo, apresentaram melhores condições físicas do que o sistema convencional.

Wind tunnels are used in application technology for simulating uniform scenarios and quantifying spray drift. This study describes the design, construction, and validation of an open-circuit wind tunnel for aerodynamic simulations at the State University of Goiás. The tunnel consists of a fan, stabilization chamber, nozzle, test section, and diffuser. All components have a square cross-section and were constructed using iron bars and galvanized steel sheets for structural support and outer casing. The test section measures 0.60 m × 0.60 m in cross-section and 1.80 m in length and has acrylic access doors. The contraction nozzle was defined using a fifth-degree polynomial. The honeycomb structure was made from joined PVC pipes. Air propulsion is provided by a 1.1 kW three-phase motor conected to an axial fan and a frequency inverter. Validation involved measuring wind speeds inside the test section at three set points ??(1, 3, and 5 m s-1). Flow uniformity was assessed by calculating the Reynolds number, Mach number, and descriptive measurements. Results showed that the fan maintained desired operating conditions, and the tunnel generated a homogeneous, laminar, and incompressible flow, confirming its suitability for a wide range of simulation studies.

A tomada de decisão na escolha de uma cultura a ser iniciada é um dos passos fundamentais na agricultura, essa escolha passa pela análise de condições edafoclimáticas apropriadas para cada cultura. O uso de redes neurais pode ser uma alternativa prática e eficiente na escolha e recomendação de cultivo de uma cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar uma rede neural artificial de classificação para recomendação de culturas com base em dados de clima e solo. Foi implementado uma rede neural com 7 neurônios na camada de entrada, 64 neurônios na primeira camada oculta, 32 neurônios na segunda camada oculta e 15 neurônios na camada de saída. As duas camadas ocultas receberam a função de ativação ReLU e a camada de saída a função softmax. Os resultados apontaram que a rede converge na casa das 50 épocas, apresentando uma acurácia acima de 99% tanto para os dados de teste quanto para os dados de validação. Aliado a isso, a rede teve um baixo valor de perdas, ficando abaixo dos 0,01. Resultados estes, indica que a rede treinou eficientemente e que é capaz de, com novos, classificar e recomendar uma cultura dentre as 15 possíveis.