Murigendra Basayya Hiremath

We have investigated synthesis, spectral analysis, and DFT calculations of β‐amino‐crotonate‐based novel 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives (3A‐3I) with antidiabetic activities. Research published between 2018 and 2025 shows that triazole coupled with heterocyclic ring structures has promising dual enzyme inhibition moderate for antidiabetic effects. The compound 3B containing fluorine group at para position of aryl ring demonstrated moderate α‐amylase activity, similarly, with an IC ₅₀ value of 65.74 µg/mL. The compound 3A containing chlorine at the ortho position of aryl ring exhibited the moderate α‐amylase inhibitory activity. The compounds 3B and 3A exhibited good in vitro α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC ₅₀ value of 76.48 and 77.31 µg/mL, respectively, as compare to other compounds and acarbose. In silico studies revealed that compound 3B interacts with three enzyme active site hydrogen bonds. In vivo results showed that the analysis of glucose levels in the hemolymph homogenate revealed that the fly group treated with acarbose exhibited a considerable reduction in glucose levels compared to the control group. These findings were showed that triazole‐derived crotonate moiety function as α‐amylase α‐glucosidase enzyme inhibitors, which aid in the development of new treatments for diabetes mellitus and can serve as lead molecules in drug discovery as possible antidiabetic medicines.

Introduction: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, causing irreversible visual damage and blindness. While raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important established risk factor, the exact pathogenesis and other risk factors for glaucoma are not fully understood, particularly in developing countries. Early identification and management of risk factors are important for reducing incidence and burden. This study assessed the risk factors for glaucoma at Dr. Kodkany’s Eye Center in Belagavi, India. Method: This case-control study examined 24 cases with confirmed diagnosis of glaucoma and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data along with detailed eye examination findings. All glaucoma participants underwent thorough ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness, anterior segment abnormalities, anterior chamber angle, fundus photography, and visual field testing. Results: Of the 24 cases, 14 (58.3%) were diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma, with bilateral involvement noted in 13(54.2%) cases. IOP was considerably higher in glaucomatous patients compared to non-glaucomatous (right eye: 27.86±8.97 vs 15.85±2.84 mmHg [Mean difference: 12.01 (95% CI: 8.24–15.78]; left eye: 28.27±8.75 vs.16.05 ± 3.02 mmHg; [Mean difference: 12.22 (95% CI: 8.49–15.95)] p<0.001 for both). None of the studied factors — age (OR=0.990, 95% CI: 0.937-1.045, p=0.705), female gender (OR=1.667, 95% CI: 0.500-5.559, p=0.416), or hypertension (OR=2.538, 95% CI: 0.697-9.240, p=0.160)—predicted glaucoma risk. Conclusion: This study confirms that elevated IOP is a key characteristic of glaucoma. However, age, female gender, and hypertension were not recognised as important risk factors for glaucoma. This suggests that other risk factors might have contributed to the risk of glaucoma. Screening beyond traditional risk factors helps in identifying at-risk patients.

Background: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in POAG pathogenesis, with variants in MYOC, OPTN and MMP9 genes implicated in disease susceptibility. However, their contribution in the Indian population remains poorly understood. This study investigated the association of selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in MYOC (rs74315339, rs74315330), OPTN (rs11258194, rs2234968) and MMP9 (rs17576, rs2250889) with POAG in a Belagavi region. Methods: A case-control study was conducted including 24 POAG patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyping was performed using PCR followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared using chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of POAG patients was 64.1 ± 10.8 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1. Genotypic analysis revealed significant associations of OPTN rs2234968 and MYOC rs74315339 with POAG. The A/G genotype of OPTN rs2234968 was observed in 23.8% of cases versus 14.3% of controls (χ² = 7.22, p = 0.027). Similarly, the C/A genotype of MYOC rs74315339 was more frequent in cases (70.8%) than controls (50%) (χ² = 6.41, p = 0.041). OPTN rs11258194, MYOC rs74315330 and MMP9 rs2250889 were monomorphic, while MMP9 rs17576 showed no significant association. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of OPTN rs2234968 and MYOC rs74315339 polymorphisms distribution in the Belagavi region Karnataka India. Population-specific variability highlights the need for larger, multicentric studies and functional validation to establish their role in POAG pathogenesis.

Background: The emergence of ESBL-producing non-fermenters, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii , is a growing concern, particularly in Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). This study investigates the prevalence and distribution of ESBL genes among these pathogens isolated from female UTI patients in Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Methods: A total of 713 urine samples were processed. Bacterial identification was conducted using culture and molecular methods. Phenotypic ESBL detection and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were employed to identify specific ESBL genes. Results: Out of 713 samples, 665 were culture positive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (56 isolates) and Acinetobacter baumannii (29 isolates) were identified. ESBL production was phenotypically confirmed in 69.6% and 48.3% of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively. Genotypic screening revealed the high prevalence of bla _SHV , bla _TEM , and bla _OXA-23 genes. bla _KPC was only observed in P. aeruginosa. Discussion: The study demonstrates a high burden of ESBL-producing non-fermenters in UTI patients. Molecular surveillance is critical for effective antibiotic stewardship. Conclusion: High proportions of ESBL genes, particularly blaSHV (84.6%) and blaTEM (69.2%), were detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating strong resistance potential. In Acinetobacter baumannii, the predominance of blaOXA-23 (78.6%) confirms its major role in carbapenem resistance.

Aim: Nanotechnology is considered as one of the fastest-developing areas in the biomedicine field. Hence, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini seed extract was carried out in this study. Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles form Syzygium cumini seed extract was carried out in this study. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD and EDX. They were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-diabetic activity by DPPH inhibition, albumin denaturation inhibition, agar well diffusion, α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays respectively. Results: Results: The surface plasmon resonance at 430 nm confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. They are stable, spherical in shape with the size ranging from 30 to 90 nm. The DPPH inhibition % of silver nanoparticles varied from 7.91±0.39% to 68.35±0.76%. The % inhibition of albumin denaturation was comparable to the diclofenac. Further the results of antibacterial activity revealed that the zone of inhibition for all the test bacteria varied from 14.33±0.58 to 25.33±0.58 mm where B. cereus was more susceptible. In addition, the % inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase varied from 19.91±0.15% to 61.43±0.31% and 15.26±0.11% to 55.38±0.20% respectively. Conclusion: This study is the first attempt of utilizing the silver nanoparticles synthesized from S. cumini seed extract for anti-diabetic activity. The study suggests that these nanoparticles could be well utilized in pharmaceutical industries as an efficient antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-diabetic drug.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as one of the highly prevalent infections worldwide. Regarding its prevalence, UTI is more common in women. The outcome of the research is expected to predict the severity of the urinary tract infection. The study of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility helps to provide data on the occurrence of uropathogens in different age groups and helps to treat the infection with effective antibiotics to prevent further progression of infection. The study has been carried out to identify and investigate the prevalence of uropathogens and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility potential. Overall, 713 urine samples were collected, MacConkey agar, Blood agar, CLED agar and Luria-Bertani agar were used for isolation of uropathogens by calibrated loop streak method and incubated at 37°C. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the Kirby Disc diffusion method. A total of 665 showed positive bacteriuria. E. coli (37.3%) and K. pneumoniae (32.03%) were the most common uropathogens followed by E. fergusonii (17.9%), P. aeruginosa (8.4%), and A. baumannii (4.4%). The study found that above 70% of antibiotic susceptibility was observed in fluoroquinolones followed by imipenem, while all isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin. The organisms E. coli, E. fergusonii, and P. aeruginosa exhibited the least susceptibility (>50%) for third-generation cephalosporins. P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii showed no susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, whereas other isolates were least susceptible. The study concludes that K. pneumoniae and E. coli were highly prevalent within the study group and that fluoroquinolone and imipenem can be effective for treatment.

The aim of this study is to analyse the phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant activity, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. The chloroform extract exhibited highest T.P.C. (139.82 ± 0.06 mg/g GAE) and highest T.F.C. (41.95 ± 0.50 mg/g QE). The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of ten compounds in acetone extract and twenty-two compounds in methanol extract. The GC-MS analysis of acetone fraction showed the major peaks such as Glycerine (13.20%), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (8.92%), Cyclohexanol,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)- (6.09%), Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl (7.68%) and Phytol (7.53%). Some of these compounds exhibit anti-oxidant activities. GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction exhibited the presence of following compounds: Undecane (8.52%), 2,3-Trimethylene-4-pyrone (1.79%), cis-Sinapyl alcohol (2.33%) and Umckalin (1.19%). The acetone and methanol fractions exhibited higher percentage of inhibition in DPPH assay. The overall results of this study indicate that the acetone and methanol fractions have been demonstrated to be efficacious against various diseases.

In Ayurveda, Vitex negundo (VN) is used as a drug to manage pain, inflammation, problems related to polycystic ovary disease and the menstrual cycle. The bioactive compounds isolated from this plant exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and microbicidal properties. The shrub Vitex negundo is known for its role in the modulation of cellular events like apoptosis and cell cycle. There is still a scarcity of data in the literature on the cytotoxic activity of Vitex negundo extracts on ovarian cancer. Hence, in this study, the phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities of leaf extracts were evaluated. The chloroform and methanol fractions exhibited higher phenolic content (161.04 ± 0.02 mg/g GAE and 152.56 ± 0.05 mg/g GAE respectively) as compared to other fractions. The aqueous and petroleum ether fractions exhibited higher flavonoid content (515.27 ± 0.28 mg/g QE and 211.82 ± 0.05 mg/g QE respectively). The acetone and methanol extracts showed significant anti-oxidant capacities. Both leaf extracts of Vitex negundo inhibited PA1 cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 88.01 ± 3.14 and 112.30 ± 1.93 μg/ml respectively, as compared to the standard drug Doxorubicin with IC50 value 2.91 μg/ml (p < 0.05, One - Way ANOVA). The Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis allowed us to identify twenty- five bioactive compounds in acetone extract and twenty- two compounds in methanol extract. Therefore, further studies should focus on the isolation of novel compounds, which are more effective and less toxic, and constitute interesting substitutes for the development of anti-cancer drugs.