Su Min Kim

The indicator “mean years of schooling (MYS)” has been one of two education indicators in the Human Development Index calculated by UNDP since 2010. In view of greatly expanded role of education in modern development, this study develops a multivariate panel regression model of socio-economic factors where changing rate of MYS becomes the dependent variable. This research develops a model of socio-economic determining factors where changing the rate of MYS is the dependent variable. The proposed model will include five independent variables to assess the impact on MYS for 97 countries from 1995 to 2017. The most important finding is that dependency with a negative impact on MYS was the most influential factor, followed by urbanization with a positive impact on MYS. The impact from income with a positive impact and population with a negative impact was the third most important factor depending on the income and urbanization subgroup. This study highlighted the offsetting impact of dependency rate and urbanization rate to length of education depending on the income and urbanization subgroups of countries. However, the general policy implications proposed here are subjected to substantial revision if the analysis of scaling results from income and urbanization subgroup analysis are incorporated, because the impact from these two offsetting factors would vary widely depending on the particular subgroup.

Job insecurity can trigger cynical attitudes and ultimately lead to harmful behaviors in organizations under the current fast-changing business environment. Drawing on psychological contract theory, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) by focusing on the mediating role of organizational cynicism and moderating roles of perceived organizational support (POS) and leader-member exchange (LMX). The data used for the analysis came from a survey that targeted tourism-related industries in South Korea, and 296 responses were finally analyzed. We analyzed reliability, correlation, and mediation, and conducted confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and moderation analysis using SPSS PROCESS macro v. 3.5, with AMOS v. 25.0. The key findings of this study are as follows. First, we found that job insecurity was positively related to CWB. Second, organizational cynicism mediated the relationship between job insecurity and CWB. Third, POS and LMX intensified the negative effects of job insecurity and organizational cynicism, affecting CWB. These results imply that employees with a high level of POS and LMX are likely to have opportunistic behaviors (e.g., abuse, absences, sabotage) by abusing the support and trust from their organizations. The implications for research and practice, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Despite numerous studies on multiple socio-economic factors influencing urban PM_2.5 pollution in China, only a few comparable studies have focused on developed countries. We analyzed the impact of three major socio-economic factors (i.e., income per capita, population density, and population size of a city) on PM_2.5 concentrations for 254 cities from six developed countries. We used the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model with three separate data sets covering the period of 2001 to 2013. Each data set of 254 cities were further categorized into five subgroups of cities ranked by variable levels of income, density, and population. The results from the multivariate panel regression revealed a wide variation of coefficients. The most consistent results came from the six income coefficients, all of which met the statistical test of significance. All income coefficients except one carried negative signs, supporting the applicability of the environmental Kuznet curve. In contrast, the five density coefficients produced statistically significant positive signs, supporting the results from previous studies. However, we discovered an interesting U-shaped distribution of density coefficients across the six subgroups of cities, which may be unique to developed countries with urban pollution. The results from the population coefficients were not conclusive, which is similar to the results of previous studies. Implications from the results of this study for urban and national policy makers are discussed.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between individual team member's perception of team psychological safety (TPS), individual team member's perception of transactive memory system (TMS), individual team member's perception of team learning behavior (TLB) and individual team member's perception of team performance (TP).Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional study used a paper-based questionnaire that was distributed to 500 employees in travel-related industries and responses were received from 467 employees. Finally, 394 surveys were used after excluding insincere responses. Using SPSS & AMOS version 25.0, factor analysis, correlation, path analysis and mediation analysis were performed.Findings: The findings reveal that there is a significant association between TPS, TMS, TLB and TP, except for the specialization subdimension of TMS and reflective communication and knowledge codification subdimensions of TLB. There was no mediation role of TLB; however, credibility and task coordination subdimensions of TMS showed partial mediating effects between TPS and TP.Originality/value: This study offers suggestions for management, emphasizing the importance of TPS. Recent and rapid organizational changes have dramatically increased employees' job insecurity, which can affect their psychological safety. Therefore, organizations should actively support employees to feel psychologically stable to improve performance by utilizing TMS and TLB among individual team members.

The indicator 'mean years of schooling (MYS)' has been one of two education indicators in the Human Development Index calculated by UNDP since 2010. In view of greatly expanded role of education in modern development, this study develops a multivariate panel regression model of socio-economic factors where changing rate of MYS becomes the dependent variable. This research develops a model of socio-economic determining factors where changing the rate of MYS is the dependent variable. The proposed model will include five independent variables to assess the impact on MYS for 97 countries from 1995 to 2017. The most important finding is that dependency with a negative impact on MYS was the most influential factor, followed by urbanization with a positive impact on MYS. The impact from income with a positive impact and population with a negative impact was the third most important factor depending on the income and urbanization subgroup. Several policy implications can be derived from this study. For the whole group of 97 countries, the magnitude of a negative impact with a dependency coefficient of -0.303 was not substantially different from the positive impact of 0.27 from urbanization. Therefore, growth rate differential between the two factors will determine future duration of MYS. However, the general policy implications proposed here are subjected to substantial revision if the analysis of scaling results from income and urbanization subgroup analysis are incorporated, because the impact from these two offsetting factors would vary widely depending on the particular subgroup.

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